Lenonard Bernstein :: essays research papers

Leonard Bernstein was born in Lawrence, just north of Boston, on Sunday, August 25, 1918. Bernstein was named Louis at birth, after his mother&8217s grandfather, but at the age of xvi he had it formally changed to Leonard, or Lenny.As a child, Bernstein was sick very often with asthma and hay fever. Perhaps due to these and some(prenominal) other medical checkup conditions, Bernstein preferred to be alone. He didn&8217t care to spend much time with his family or even with his peers. Most likely because of this self-isolation, Bernstein&8217s passion for medicament developed at a young age. At the age of ten, Leonard&8217s family received a mild from an aunt who no longer needed it. She knew of Leonard&8217s love for music, but I doubt she knew what a great impact this gift would have, not only on Leonard, but also on the being of music. After the young boy began to show an interest in the instrument, a neighbor offered to give him lessons, which lasted for about a year. After that year, Bernstein was no longer conform to with his teacher, so he went out to find another one. He was referred to a teacher by the name of Miss Susan Williams and despite his father&8217s protest, this command relationship with Miss Williams lasted for two years.When Bernstein decided that he needed a more professional teacher, he went under the education of Helen Coates, who would later become a life long friend and secretary. After four years of working under Helen, he was accepted as a student of Heinrid Gebhard, who was the best piano teacher in Boston.At the age of seventeen, Bernstein was accepted at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was interested in many other things other than music. For example, philosophy and tarradiddle were both subjects of great importance to him. After graduating from Harvard cum laude in 1939, Leonard spent a year in New York City. He met many influential pile throughout the course of this year, including Aaron Copland.Aaron Copland is regarded as being Bernstein&8217s composing mentor. In fact, Copland was probably the most important influence on All-American music at this time. Bernstein and Copland had many similarities that may have enabled them to create the very strong bond between them. They both came from Russian/Jewish families both men were raised in urban areas both became involved in left wing politics and both were homosexual.

The Speakers Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and Raleigh Essay

The Speakers Role in Three Poems by Howard, Wyatt, and capital of North Carolina The speakers in Farewell, False Love, by Sir Walter Raleigh and My Lute, Awake by Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder have similar motivations, although the poems have differing constructs. Each speaker seeks to unleash his venomous emotions at a woman who has scorned him, by humiliating her through complicated revenge fantasies and savage metaphors. Through this invective, he hopes to convince us of this womans inward ugliness. Raleigh catalogues a long list of conceits for his false love she is every horrid thing from a siren song to an idle boy that sleeps in pleasures round. The overtone of Henry Howard, Earl of Surreys Alas So All Things Now Do Hold Their Peace bears more similarity to that of a soliloquy of lamentation than a libellous study. The speaker seems more preoccupied with his own woe than with shaming his absent love before us, his audience, of whom he seems only peripherally alert. He does not stir the object of his affections for not requiting his love, only regrets that she cannot be with him, drawing a contrast between his heavy inward emotional swings and the peaceful night which outwardly surrounds him. Several centuries after these poets lived, John Stuart Mill would write an essay called What is Poetry? that codified a distinction between what he called poetry and eloquence. He writes . . . when he the poet turns round, and addresses himself to another person when the act of utterance is not itself the end, but a means to an end -- viz., by the feelings he himself expresses, to work upon the feelings, or upon the judgment or the will of another when the expression of his emotions, or of his thoughts tinged ... ...women whom supposedly seduced them in their youthful naivete. The narrator of My Lute, Awake takes a distinct pleasure in create up a future where his lover, not he, lies Plaining in vain unto the moon. Raleighs vehement yet affected language are e ntirely out of keeping with the innocent-schoolboy calculate of himself he would have us believe. Surreys speaker does not need to protest that he was beguiled, nor make any excuse for his misplaced emotion, because he is not aware of our listening, and therefore can feel no embarrassment at our knowing he was rejected. These three poems, then, are written in the voice of the spurned lover. In two of them, this lover is cognizant of our presence and seeks to impress us with his impassivity but in the third, he pours out his sorrow and minds not whether we think the slight of him for his poor choice of women.

The Fenian Movement :: Essays Papers

The Fenian Movement In 1884 a movement started that changed Ireland forever. The Fenian Movement evolved because of the horrible deeds of King Henry VIII and his durable militia. Britain was trying to govern Ireland, and the people of Ireland fought for the freedom of on that point boorish. They didnt have much money or much military action, on the other mess Britain did. This wasnt the only reason the Fenian movement occurred though the great potato dearth 1845 forced people from there homeland. The Fenian movement was when the people of Ireland were forced from there homeland because of the lack of natural resources and military action by the British. Another aspect to the Fenian movement was that Irish citizens didnt have much money because they argon not industrialized and they have an agricultural economy, which direct up to the potato famine. Irish farmers didnt have enough money to produce potatoes efficiently this is when the chivvy occurred. Another branch that led from living in poverty was lack of military supplies. This was a huge problem because they couldnt protect there country or even there freedom. Due to lack of funds many people migrated over seas to America where they could make money and live a boffo life. In Ireland potatoes were the most popular product. The potato grew well in Irish soil, producing the high yields that small-pot tenant farmers needed to feed their families and pay their rent(Michael 1). During the potato famine the farmlands in Ireland were rotting away due to the blight. Beginning with 1847, the potato blight left famine and death on every hand emigration was excessive, and disaffection widespread, yet the British government did little to relieve the deplorable conditions. Goaded by almost unbearable economic distress, the young Irelanders decided to act(Walker, 2) This led to poverty, migration and even death( how many people). People in Ireland were forced out of there homes to other countries becau se of the horrible natural resources. Many people starved, and these unfortunate citizens migrated to the United States, Canada, southwest America, and Australia. Ship-owners packed hundreds of boats to flee from Ireland to English speaking countries. Many of the Irish people didnt even make it to these countries because of the horrible disease typhoid.Another one of the major(ip) causes of this horrific problem in Ireland was that British military decided they wanted to take over the Irish government and control the land.

Essay --

Unemployment literally means a state of unpaid period. An unemployed is available for job, but his stipulation is of no wage. On the contrary an employed piece builds a status in the society. If a person does not farm a job, his credibility and capability is questioned. Ego plays its role in this situation. The male ego is pinched when an unemployed is questioned in the society. INDUTRIAL AND LABOUR RELTIONS REVIEW,VOL 42, NO 3 APRIL 1989 fit in to US Bureau of Labour Statistics, before 1991 that is prior to the period of liberalization, the unemployment level of females around the year 1986 was estimated to be 6.6%. This study of unemployment rate was on the basis of gender.An unemployment turn off has been explained though the National Sample Survey, 68th Round in which it illustrates that rural females unemployment rate has declined rapidly after 2004-05(7.0%) to 6.2% in 2011-12.Study on urban female unemployment rate it was 9.4% in 1999-2000 but declined drastically by 2011- 12 and was estimated to be at 8.0%. The study shows the rise in woman workers seeking work both(prenominal) in rural and urban beas. Due to the female workers stepping into the work market, the unemployment rate has marginally declined meaning many found jobs. Case of unemployment alone is not the content creating the masculinity crisis. Low waged workers also have an impact. This is due to the reason of men v/s men comparison in a particular society. manpower of same age group when placed in different jobs face a clash of wage followed by silent hatred. Employment illustrates independence, respect and status in the society one lives in. Especially when highly educated men are unable to fix into a job, it is a matter of their personality crushing. The man of the socie... ... masculinities, this has created a level of tension among men in Haryana. According to 1991 Census 36.24% of the in the category of 15-44 years of age in Haryana was categorized under unmarried. In district s like Rohtak the percentage unmarried male was 44%. The reason cited was the polygamy, widower remarriage, and still existent custom of bride price among the lower strata.For the reasons cited, female sex balance plays a major role. Aggression leads to worsening of relations between a man and woman or between two men. In the state, the situation of hypergamous marriages is influence , where there are brides at the top. This has led to in a situation where employed male is in favourable position in context to develop married while on the other hand the unemployed are not in such a position. With respect to marriage, the employed men are apt option than the unemployed.

Technology and Power :: Essays Papers

Technology and Power Effective communication can both create empires and destroy them. For the former, communication is a necessity in connecting the part of an empire, so to keep the whole sizable. An empire must keep in contact with its armies, outposts, and inner areas so to maintain order to be able to array its defenses in response to an enemy attack. It must also, when still growing, be able to conquer new lands and people. For the latter, unless its defenses are in communication with back up forces and resources, the save victorious defense is sensation that takes from a battle of attrition. This essay will exam two forms of one communication technology encoding. It will be remembered that one class or race is without representation, and has not the advantages of the press or the telegraph to bring it into communication with the intelligence of the world, and is seldom heard except in the outshout of alarm and conflict along the Western frontier. --Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles, United States Army, March 1879* Though written specifically about the conflicts that the United States had with the Native Americans throughout the ordinal century, General Miles statement is a fact applicable to every conquest ever made. The ability to communicate effectively with ones forces during a conquest is, except perhaps, in cases where the conquest consists mainly of battles of attrition, a key factor of victory. A commander must have accurate, updated intelligence reports informing him of his conquests military abilities and locations, any skirmishes between forces, ply routes, etc. This communication ability, as well as every piece of weaponry or tool used by the conqueror, is a direct result of human ingenuity, specifically as it is applied to technological advancement. In the second half of the 19th century, as the Western world embraced the Industrial Revolution, our nations political powers think their eyes on the vast lands of the Western fron tier. To better understand the needs for communication technology in this conquest, lets first get a little record lesson on what happened. During this conquest of the West, an Apache Chief known as Geronimo led the Chiricahua Apaches in a series of revolts against the American tyranny that had seized Apache lands, herded its people into a backlog, then abolished the Reservation to reclaim the land for white Americans.

Technology and Power :: Essays Papers

Technology and Power Effective communication can both create empires and eradicate them. For the former, communication is a necessity in connecting the parts of an empire, so to keep the whole sizable. An empire must keep in contact with its armies, outposts, and inner beas so to maintain order to be able to adjust its defenses in response to an enemy attack. It must also, when still growing, be able to conquer new lands and people. For the latter, unless its defenses are in communication with back up forces and resources, the only victorious defense is matchless that results from a battle of attrition. This essay will exam two forms of one communication technology encoding. It will be remembered that one class or race is without representation, and has not the advantages of the press or the telegraph to bring it into communication with the perception of the world, and is seldom heard except in the cry of alarm and conflict along the Western frontier. --Brigadier General Nels on A. Miles, United States Army, March 1879* Though written specifically about the conflicts that the United States had with the Native Americans throughout the Nineteenth century, General Miles statement is a fact applicable to every conquest ever made. The ability to leave effectively with ones forces during a conquest is, except perhaps, in cases where the conquest consists mainly of battles of attrition, a key factor of victory. A commander must have accurate, updated word of honor reports informing him of his conquests military abilities and locations, any skirmishes between forces, supply routes, etc. This communication ability, as well as every piece of weaponry or pricking used by the conqueror, is a direct result of human ingenuity, specifically as it is applied to technological advancement. In the second half of the 19th century, as the Western world embraced the Industrial Revolution, our nations political powers focused their eyes on the vast lands of the Western f rontier. To better understand the needs for communication technology in this conquest, lets first get a little history lesson on what happened. During this conquest of the West, an Apache Chief known as Geronimo led the Chiricahua Apaches in a series of revolts against the American tyranny that had seized Apache lands, herded its people into a Reservation, then abolished the Reservation to reclaim the land for white Americans.

Disability Discrimination Essay

Would you deem Karina disabled under the ADAAA? If so, what reasonable accommodations would you offer to her?Karina has a medical condition requiring her to take steroids and other medications. This condition led to Karina gaining cargo and not able to wear two uniform items, the stockings and heels. These conditions affect her back, circulatory system, and endurance level. Additionally, according to her doctor, Karina must stop wearing the stockings and heels because of her condition. Based on this information, Karina does curtail as disabled nonetheless if she does not display symptoms that interfere with her ability to perform her duties. By taking medication, Karina is mitigating (reducing) the effects of her illness. However, her employer cannot consider this information in determine if she has a protected disability under the ADAAA. The ADA was passed nearly 20 years ago to provide legal protections for, and to end discrimination against, workers with disabilities. The ADA i s a wide-ranging civil rights lawfulness that prohibits discrimination based on disability.It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal. Under the ADA, an individual is considered to have a disability if that individual either (1) has a physical or mental impairment which considerably limits one or more of that persons study life activities, (2) has a record of much(prenominal) an impairment, or (3) is regarded by the covered entity as having such an impairment. The determination of whether any particular condition is considered a disability is made on a case by case basis.When the ADA was first passed into law in 1990, federal courts were very strict in determining which employees met the ADAs definition of a disability, resulting in the dismissal of many cases. A serial publication of such court decis ions made it increasingly difficult to qualify for the laws protections. To remedy this problem, Congress recently passed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), which went into effect on January 1, 2009. The ADAAA made five changes to the ADA that atomic number 18 significant. 1.It provides that the definition of the ADA disability must both be more flexible and broadly construed. 2.It expands the list of major life activities.3.It provides that courts can no longer consider whether mitigating measures, such as medication or assistive technology, reduce the impact of impairment on an individual. 4.It states that diseases that are episodic or in remission may still be disabilities. 5.It provides that employees who claims they are regarded as disabled can now make an ADA claim, even if the perceived disability does not impact a major life activity. It is important that employers be up to speed on these changes. This is especially important because the ADAAA created a shift of emphas is in applying the law. In enacting the ADAAA, Congress instructed that it should be interpreted to favor broad coverage of individuals under the ADA, and that courts must focus not on whether an employee is disabled, but on whether the employer is complying with its obligations under the law.

Network security and business

Company X is reputed to be the worlds leading manufacturer and supplier of sportswear (sports shoe and vestments) and sports equipments with its headquarters situated in Oregon, Portland metropolitan area. The ac come with presently accrued 16 billion US dollar worth excess revenue in 2007 scarce. In the year 2008, that company is credited to have recruited 30,000 employees globally, while at the same time maintaining its status as the sole grand crown pallbearer of the Fortune 500 title as far the state of Oregon is concerned. In this essay, the vulnerabilities experienced by the company shall be looked at in find to net change by reversal security which entails operative towards the protection of information that is passed o0r stored through or within the computer.The company was founded in 1964 and then later re branded in 1978. The company is so well established that it does not only sell its products downstairs its own company name, but it withal does so through its su bsidiaries. In addition to this, company X also owns other sports companies. In an effort to realize expansion, company X extended its services to run retail stores under its name. As a result of this, the company X has approximately 19,000 retail departments in the US alone. In the same vein, the company sells its products to about 140 countries globally.The company has been traditionally sponsoring sportsmen and women around the globe and has very distinct logo and slogans. The slogans used by this company unlike those of the fellow competitors, made it to the top five slogans of the twentieth century, and was accredited for this by the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980, company X had hit the 50% market share mark in the the United States, beingness only 16 years old. The roughly recent type of inventions by this company involves the production of new models of cricket shoes which in comparison to their competitors, are 30% barge (Bernstein, 1996).The company seeks to maintain i ts vibrant market and maintains its upper hand against its competitors by producing products that are appealing to the tastes of the materialistic youth. The sports wear company produces and sells assortments used in heterogenous and diverse world of sports sch as basket ball, athletics, golf, Ameri croupe football (rugby), tennis, wrestling, skating, football and skate boarding, among others.The company X having become a global entity, also faces some problems that come with expansionism. The troubles touch on cases of workers rights in relation to the occupation safety and health matters. These cases are more distributed in the developing economies than in developed ones.Conversely, thither are also issues about social responsibility that border on the environmental safety in relation to the production processes and wastes produced by the company. The problem also stretches to its outsourcing vendors, who together with the company have been challenged by critics to work towards carbon neutrality.Critics have also dismissed as lies the claim by the company that it increased the salary scale of its workers by 95%. These critics posit that the company seeks to always exploit its workers, of whom 58% are young adults aged between 22- 24 years, while 83% of the workers are women. Half of these workers in these companies are said to have gone through their high school educational programs. Because few of these people have work related skills, critics maintain, the subsidiaries of company X are reported to be using this state of affairs to exploit their employees by issuing them very minimal yield (Mc Nab, 2004).Again, it is reported that out of company Xs contract factories, 20% deal in the casual production of of the products. These factories are always bedeviled by cases of harassment and abuse (of which the company has moved in to sort out the situation by liaising with the Global Alliance in order to review the first twenty one of the most notorious factor ies. The company also set up the prescribed code of conduct so as to inculcate social responsibility among the workers.Spates of continual gentleman rights abuse nevertheless continued to persist. In Indonesia for example, 30.2% of the workers of company X are reported to have been victims of exploitation. 56% of these workers are said to have undergone verbal abuse. In about the same spectrum, 7.8% are reported to have succumbed to unwanted sexual comments, while 3.3% are said to have been abused physically. In Pakistan, the matter deteriorated to cases of electric shaver abuse and the conscription of child labor. For instance, in the same country, the issue came to the global attention when pictures were displayed, portraying children knitting football which were to be then sold by this company.Another matter that haunts this company X is the protection of information, or commonly called by the corporate world and the computer science and management as lucre security. Of recent developments, concerns over privacy have soared, and become subject to public furore and debates when it was found out by security experts after conducting a search in the University of Washington, that company Xs iPod sport kit had the ability to track people . Initially, the surveillance brass that works through the companys iPod sports kit had been designed to allow the substance abuser (mainly the sports person) of this facility to take note of the calories that have been burned, the speed, the distance covered and the time dispensed when undertaking sports activities.The kit was fitted with a transmitter that was designed to be stuck on the shoes and the iPods transmitter. The tracking is made possible by the fact that the transmitter relays particular ID. Although the problem first seemed minuscule due to the fact that the information could only be accessed from a 60 feet away shoe, yet it was found out later that more problems, it seemed would set in since the surveillance or tracking system was then fed to the Google maps (Sloot, 2003).In order to bring in ameliorations in this matter, comprehensive laws are being proposed so that company X and its counterparts who use these systems can be forced to beef up security into the models- a placard which these companies are ignoring. Some related speculations are also rife that the companys retailing contractors are using the RFID tags for tracking their consignments and keeping track of the stock market. This problem is hydra headed since apart from the obvious fact that this may scare away potential customers, it tranquilize has exposed the company to anti company X campaigns which have widely been activated and managed by the Caspian organization in the US.Customers will shy away from the products since the colloquy system of the company X seems to have been compromised in its CIA (confidentiality, integrity and availability) of information security. Confidentiality portends that only the permitted authorities access information, while integrity get words that information stays only within the precincts of the authorized handlers. Availability on the other hand demands that those who are authorized access information are be able to so do efficiently and quickly. The external leaking in and out of confidential information can be very costly and should always be avoidedCompany X is working out to ameliorate this problem. On 5th March 2008, in Oregon, it held a meeting in which the departmental heads and subsidiary representatives met, and analyzed the extent of the vulnerability (they had already come into the board meeting, having known the disposition, and the extent of the risk). As an immediate contingency, company X decided that it was going to suspend the sale of the iPod transmitters as a measure to instill risk avoidance.Having also become aware that there was also the danger of information systems being invaded by hackers, (as was seen in the 31st July, 2007 when in P akistan tens of its computers succumbed), consensus was arrived at that all computer systems in the organizations adopt the man- in- between technique by adopting the firewall computer security system that will be able to detect the nature of the on coming information.On another front, the company X agreed that it was to globally look at its wireless net profiting the technology that the supports the connectivity of each computer to a specific network or networks. This does not portend coming up with a new system of networking, but bolstering the configurations and the security systems. New and stronger RAMs( Random admission charge Memory ) were bought and have already been set in place. This will ensure that the roiter system within the companys area of jurisdictions are very strong and very tight in detecting anomalies (Raquet and Saxe, 2005).The computer technicians in company X suggested that the leaking of the companys secret information could be due to the fact that the co mputer connectivity in Pakistan could have been in the open mode configuration. These technicians elaborated that open computer mode connectivity allows anyone even without the building to access information from an open mode configured computer. The situations becomes more undefended in the present day due to the portability of the computers (laptops and palm tops).Open mode wireless computers have a preset name that makes the computer to, on being turned on, start broadcasting packets which prompt all wireless devices within the precincts about the availability of connectivity (Albanese and Sonnenreich, 2003). However, should the computers be switched on to closed configuration, the beacon packets are no longer broadcasted by the access point.It was also discovered that although the headquarters were already filtered, yet not all of the subsidiaries were. It is an this backdrop that the computer technicians under the aegis of the companys information and technology department rec ommended that the Wireless Encryption Protocol (WEP) be introduced to ward off even the most sophisticated hackers. Wireless Encryption Protocol ensure that the data that is being relayed is not in the readable format, but instead, it becomes only readable after being decoded in a backward manner on being received. This leaves the data unreadable on being captured in between transition since the data is still encoded. The hacker is frustrated unless in possession of the friendship about the original address.Conclusion.As a concept, network security is very important in the realization of a companys secret information. Good and comprehensive network security keeps secret information from flowing outwards to unwanted parties, while at the same time, enabling efficient flow of information within an enterprise. The systems of communication ( the hardware, the software and the orgware ) is also adequately protected.Company X would accrue higher returns if it enhanced all of its network security systems within its disposal.References.Albanese, J. and Sonnenreich, W. (2003). Illustrations on network security.US Mc Graw Hill.Bernstein, T. (1996). Internet security designed for business.US Wiley.Mc Nab, C. (2004). Assessment of network security.US O Rielley.Raquet, C. and Saxe, W. (2005). Advocacy and governance of business network security.US lake herring Press.Sloot, P. (2003). International conference of computational science.

Christ the Savior Essay

Augustine took birth on 13 November, 354, at Tagaste. He was born in a respectable, middle class family. His father, Patricius who was one of the curiales of the city was still a pagan. However, his wife, Monica was an ardent christian and her devotion and faith brought her husband too to follow Christianity forrader he died in 371. It was in a Christian atmosphere that Augustine received his formal education. . It is said that once when he was very ill, he asked to be baptized, provided, as he recovered fast he did not want to receive the sacrament then.Augustines friendship with men of payer gave him three great ideas which he deeply engraved upon his soul a Divine Providence, the future life with terrible sanctions, and, above wholly, Christ the Savior. In Confessions I, he writes From my tenderest infancy, I had in a manner sucked with my mothers milk that name of my Savior. Thy Son I kept it in the recesses of my heart and all that presented itself to me without that Divine nature, though it might be elegant, well written, and even replete with truth, did not altogether carry me away (Augustine)Augustine was doing well in his school and his father Patricius wished to send him to Carthage to study forensic medicine, but it took Patricius many months to make the necessary arrangements. Augustine, in the meantime had to spend another year at his school at Tagaste in total idleness. It is said, an idle in narrateect is the devils workshop, (Proverb) and Augustine plunged himself wholeheartedly to the pleasure of the flesh. Even when he joined Carthage, the many seductions of this great city which was half pagan pulled him towards untoward things.He had a great impulse to excel in everything, even evil. Very soon he made his confession to his mother that he had a intelligence outside wedlock. Augustine had a certain dignity about himself even in his fall. By the age of nineteen he had got over his problems and in 373, when he render Ciceros Hortensius he imbibed a sleep together of the wisdom which Cicero speaks of. He was now heart and soul into philosophy. But this faith underwent a great crisis when he along with his friend Honorataus became prey to the Manichaeans. He was taken up by the promise of free philosophy.They claimed that they had found a scientific explanation to nature and Augustines meddling and probing mind was attracted towards it. Moreover it was alluring as it propagated a moral irresponsibility resulting from a doctrine which denied liberty. Now Augustine devoted himself fully to the sect. He allege all their books and it was during this period that he developed his literary faculties. When his student days at Carthage were over, instead of practicing forensic, he returned to Tagaste to teach Grammar. He was an excellent teacher and his students adore him.One of his students, Alypius followed him to the wrong path but later along with him was baptized at Milan. His mother Monica was so upset about him jo ining the Manichaeans that she would not project him in the house, but a saintly bishop told her, the son of so many tears could not perish. ( Bishop Ambrose) Augustine went back to Carthage where he taught the students rhetoric. He pursued liberal arts and his intellect sharpened and gained full maturity at this time. His first works on aesthetics were completed around this time and it was now that he started deploring Manichaeism. correspond to him Manichaeism philosophy They destroy everything and built up nothing. (Augustine, Confessions) Their arguments he found feeble now and he could find no science in themscience in the modern sense. (Augustine, Confessions) When he met Faustus of Milve, the Manichaen bishop, the spell was broken and he left the sect. He had been with them for nine years. It was in Italy under the influence of Bishop Ambrose, whose kindness made Augustine attend his sermons that he embraced the faith. For three years his mind underwent a struggle.First of all he turned towards the philosophy of Academics, then neo-Platonic philosophy. Finally it was the reading of the Holy Scriptures which told him that deliverer Christ was the true Savior. In 386 Augustine took himself to the country side of Verecundus, where he devoted himself to true philosophy which he considered was all about Christianity. He slowly studied Christian doctrine and became acquainted with it. In his book, Against the Academics Augustine had described the ideal serenity of this existence, enlivened by a passion for truth. He held philosophical conferences where they discussed truth, certainty, true happiness and divinity and soul. In 387, during Easter time, Augustine received the sacrament of Baptism. In the Dialogues he tells us about his conversion, the progress he made in the Faith, his conferences with his friends on the Divinity of Jesus Christ, the transformation of his let soul, the calming of his passions and his decision to choose wisdom as his spous e. Frankly his philosophy is neo-Platonic, but he neer hesitates to subordinate his philosophy to religion.He was a Christian first of all, and he tried to find harmony between the two doctrines, but it was the fundamental points of Christianity that he sought. First the great mystery, the boy made flesh and then love, resting on the basis of humility. He sought Divine grace in Christian baptism. one thousandgh he and his friends resolved to retire to Africa in solitude, it was his mother Monica who retired to Africa in solitude. Augustine was in Milan writing his works, On Music and On the Immortality of the Soul. In 387, his mother Monica left this world to be with her maker.Confessions IX tell us about Augustines grief and her saintly death. In 388 Augustine returned to Tagaste, here he wanted to lead the perfect life, so the first thing he did was to sell all his worldly belongings and give the proceeds to the poor. He then went to his estate and in that respect with his f riends lived a life of prayer, and poverty. It is during this time that he wrote De Vera Religione, De Genesi contra Manichaeos and De Magistro. Augustine never thought of entering priesthood, however he was called to Hippo by one of his friends who wanted him to pray over him.Augustine was praying in the church when the tidy sum gathitherd round him and begged the bishop of Hippo Valerius to ordain Augustine as a priest. He was ordained in 391. He went back to Tagaste to resume the religious life and there he preached for five years as a priest. He fought against Manichaeaism now and his success was great. Valerius at this time was getting old and he took the permission of Aurelius, archpriest of Africa to have Augustine preach with him as coadjutor. Augustine was Bishop of Hippo for thirty four years.Augustine now combined his noncurrentoral duties with the austerities of the religious life he lived in a monastery with his clergy and they all bound themselves in poverty. He thu s founded the order of monks who had their training with him and then went out and founded monasteries throughout Africa. Augustine was the defender of the truth and so he combated the Manichaean, the Donatists, and the Pelegian Controversies. In 426 the hallowed Bishop of Hippo, at the age of seventy-two chose deacon Heracles as his successor and departed from this land on 28 August, 430. He was seventy six years old.In Confessions a notable thing about it is Augustines confessions about his sexual career. As a young man, he was sexually alive, lived out of wedlock with his tart and had a son through her. Critically observing, he was not much different from other youngsters but the difference lay in that his sexual exploitations were a source of immense pain to him. This may be the reason why he emphasis on it. He describes his sexual impulses in the negative form. Thorns, (2. 3) desire in the mud (2. 2) an open sore (3. 1) he feels he cannot control his sexual feelings until he has help from God.Augustine was not unique in this negative attitude. at that place were many wealthy young men in Rome who gave away everything they had when they converted to the faith. Confessions represent a literary milestone. According to A. F. West it dates the entrance of a new kind of autobiographythe autobiography of introspection, the self registered record of the development of a human soul. In his Retractions Augustine says of his Confessions, The thirteen books of my Confessions whether they refer to my evil or good, compliment the just and good God, and stimulate the heart and mind of man to approach unto Him.And, as far as pertaineth unto me, they wrought this in me when they were written, and this they work when they are read. Augustine intelligibly meant that Confessions was not a book of his confessions only, but one which the reader should ponder upon and praise the one who is to be praised, the just and good God. He says that his account of his past wrong- doing is to draw economic aid to the love of God I will now call to mind my past foulness, and the carnal corruptions of my soul, not because I love them, but that I may love Thee, O my God.For love of Thy love do I it. (2. 1. 1) ( Augustine, Confessions) His intention of his book is to focus the readers attention on God and not on his life. Why, therefore, do I place before Thee so many relations of Things? that I may awaken my own love and that of my readers towards Thee, that we may all say, Great is the Lord, and greatly to be praised. (11. 1. 1) (Augustine, Confessions) This was the purpose of his book. Yet it would be wrong to say that he did not confess and there is no repentance.But yet do Thou, my most secret Physician, make clear to me what fruit I may reap by doing it. For the confessions of my past sins, which Thou has forgiven and covered, that Thou mightest make me happy in thee. (10. 3. 4) Bonner comments The Confessions first and foremost a work of praise, as i s made clear by the opening linguistic process, taken from psalm 145 Great art Thou, O Lord, and greatly to be praised great is Thy power, and infinite is Thy creation. Confession, then, for Augustine, is primarily confession of praise and thanksgiving to God for his mercies.Confession of sin has its place, but in relation to Gods grace and not in its own right. In conclusion, we can summarize his book by his words For Thou hast formed us for Thyself, and our hearts are restless till they find rest in Thee. (Augustine, Confessions) He is talking about his spiritual excursion when his heart was restless till it found rest in God.Works CitedAugustine. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Vol. B. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 2002. 1222. Web link www. cce/org/a/Augustine/confessions/html

Studying English Language

1. Studying English language in an English-speaking country is the beat out but non the only way to learn the language. Do you agree or disagree with this statement. Some people believe that the students have to go overseas to study English while other people claim that beside learning English in an English-speaking country, there are a number of ship canal to study this language. I am strongly persuaded by the latter idea by the following reasons. First of all, it cannot be denied that learning English in an English-speaking country have many advantages.While overseas, students will have opportunities to practice listening and speaking with British people, which is conducive to the development in using language. Moreover, by dint of nourishment in foreign countries, students can alike experience the culture first-hand (have first-hand experience in foreign culture), which is a great help when trying to understand the language. For example, active with the native family will pr ovide the students opportunities to discover about new cultures and customs. Besides this, if student attend language full time, teachers will be native speakers.In that case, not only will student speaking and listening skills improve but the attention can be given to develop reading and writing skills. However, the situation has shown that, most students in non-English-speaking countries often study English at secondary naturalizes, sometimes at universities. Although the spoken English is not usually of a very(prenominal) high standard, the knowledge in grammar is often quite advanced, which will be good basics to perfect language ability in the future. It is obvious that the more than technical science upgraded the more ways students can approach the knowledge worldwide without going abroad.Equally important, learning English basics at secondary school is much less stressful than studying language while overseas. The statistics have shown that students liveliness at home doe s not have to worry about troubles such(prenominal) as finding accommodation, paying for their study and living cost and trying to survive in a foreign country where day to day the living course much stress. In brief, while going abroad is a good way to approach the native language, studying at home also become more and more useful to enhance the English abilities especially in the basic skills.

Healthy living Essay

Healthy lifestyle for both adults and children is more important than anything else. Healthy lifestyle habits will reduce your risk of getting diseases you will feel better, own more energy and prevent the risk of chronic diseases. Living healthy to a fault helping you to feel happy and have more self confidence which results in a better quality of life . in todays The term healthy lifestyle encompasses several factors that need to be brought together in order to gain the benefits, namely exercise, healthy flowing and a luggage compartment mass index (BMI) in a normal range.Healthy lifestyle, particularly for children is their insurance policy for a lifetime of good health, and as research has shown, whitethorn signifi sterntly reduce the chance of contracting chronic illnesses and diseases. Regular physical activity is important for a healthy growth, development and well-being of children, the British rawness Foundation has carried out research into the fact of living a healthy lifestyle, eating healthy can stop you gaining weight, which means reducing the risk of diabetes and mellowed blood pressure.It can also help lower your cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of some cancers. Chronic illnesses associated with obesity, lack o exercise and a vile diet include the following * Coronary heart disease * Cancer * Stroke * Diabetes * High blood pressure (Hypertension) * Chronic Obstructive pulmonary unsoundness (COPD) 2. Healthy Eating along with a healthy BMI and exercise is the third element of a healthy lifestyle for children is eating a healthy diet.A healthy diet is again protective against a whole host of chronic illnesses, eating fruit and vegetables everyday helps childrens grow and develop, boosts their vitality and can reduce the risk of many chronic diseases And children atomic number 18 especi onlyy susceptible to behavioural problems due to deficiency of essential vitamins and minerals that are derived from the forage that we eat. Educat ions by physical exertion in the newborn child greatly improve their chances of eating a wide variety of nutritious foods as they move from childhood into adolescence.Children who eat meal around the table with others are more likely to try different foods, therefore lowering the possibility of them becoming picky eaters. In order to eat healthily food should be selected from the various different groups to make up a nutritionally balanced plate. These groups are * Carbohydrates potatoes, rice, bread, pasta and other starchy food * Protein meat, eggs, fish, beans, milk, cheese, and other dairy products * Fat butter, oil, spreads* Fruit and vegetables * Sugars sugary drinks, sweets 3. Activities for young children, Regular physical activity are important for the healthy growth, development and eudaemonia of children and young people Physical play and leisure activities can have a hugely positive effect on childrens healthy living. Even though IT and computer games are becoming more popular with the children instead of traditional exercises, they still need physical exercises into their everyday routines.In 2006 professors in Glasgow identified done a study of 545 nursery school children, that one hour of exercise a day was required for children to maintain a healthy BMI, in asset to eating healthy diet. Play is an essential part of a Childs development and we are focusing here particularly on the physical and mental wellbeing aspects. There are many opportunities in the local community for involving children in physical exercises for example of these * Trips to the local park * Indoor childrens play centres * medical specialist activities for children at leisure and recreation centresCreative in add ion to the physical activities as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle, cookery demonstrations and activities can have a profound effect on children encouraging them to prepare and taste healthy foods that they may not have previously been introduced t o. The use of different work and textures of food in recipes can fuel a child excitement and interest where it may not have previously been held. Games displays and the creation of posters can all assist with the promotion of a healthy lifestyle for young children. 4.Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable healthy and happy. In child it is necessary to prise children regularly to identify any children who may be displaying sings of emotional or social difficulties affecting their wellbeing. Children should feel comfortable enough to be able to pack themselves in an environment that they perceive as positive and safe, and this should be encouraged. Wellbeing for families there are many public and private courses that run including the triple p programs (positive parents programs) which runs nationwide offering invaluable support to parents.Courses are available for different age groups of children and are delivered by experienced and appropriately trained practitioners. These courses have proven a lifeline for some parents who have been struggling in silence to conquer various emotional, physical or behavioural aspects of their childrens lives. This is a raving mad tool for improving parents wellbeing and offers an opportunity for parents to meet in secure non judgemental and confident environment where they can discuss their own issues that they are experiencing with practitioners and fellow parents

Zara Supply Chain

A mesh and f number one explanation to Zara success Angel Diaz and Luis Solis Instituto de Empresa, Maria de Molina 12, 5, Madrid 28006, Spain E-mails angel. emailprotected edu luis. emailprotected edu synopsis Zara is a Spanish fashion manufacturer and retailer that has kn consume swift success. Spaniards let become used to c each(prenominal) downing Zara frequently, as there is always a red-hot product. Zara launches coulomb different collections every year, with all over 11000 models, n unmatchable lasting more than phoebe bird weeks in intersection and with an average lead- cadence ( introduction to store delivery) of four weeks.Inditex, the pigeonholing to which the brand Zara belongs owns five brands with over 1000 stores in more than 30 countries. Although its world(a) sales atomic number 18 still one sixth those of Gap, its sales create increased at an average 30% per year over the last three years, with net benefits over sales of close to 12% in the aforesaid(pr enominal) current. In this melodic theme we examine Zara outturn and distribution systems, looking for clues to its mass-customization capabilities. We argue that the key to Zara success is its Supply Chain ( entanglement and flows) approach.The production profits is made of a tightly corporate net of product specialized factories, intensive in capital and run under Toyotas principles, and a secondary interlocking of over 400 small enterprises, tightly controlled by Inditex but indep stopping pointent. All these ar located in the same small geographical atomic number 18a, Galicia (northwest Spain). The swift flow is facilitated by dint of advanced automation and logistics systems, with emphasis on postponement.We comp be these meshwork and flow approaches to those of Benetton and Gap, and argue that the key to Zara success is this combination of a tightly integrated local anaesthetic network joined to the most advanced flow systems. A final consideration is the sustain ability of these orderwinners over time. Keywords Key words Zara, logistics network, flow, fashion Introduction Intense argument in the planetary foodstuffplace is forcing constitutions to consider new practices by which they could enhance and sustain their competitive capabilities.Network configurations and alliances is such one option through which an organization can leverage its resources to compete effectively against fast and nimble competitors. Furthermore, the emphasis on give upr integrating in supply mountain range management has contributed to the knocked out(p)growth interest on strategic supplier alliances by companies around the world. Strategic network alliances are innovative and interesting forms of relationships between buyers and suppliers, however, successful supplier alliances live with proved to be very elusive for the most part (Landeros and Monczka, 1991).Despite that academic and practitioner literatures have devoted considerable attention to suppl y network alliances put unders, its dynamics has only many an(prenominal) unanswered questions. Furthermore, most of the literature has focused on cases in few developed countries like USA. There is a essential to expand our understanding or so international cases since more and more global supply chain networks are change state more important. The study of the ZARA supply chain network in Spain is a contribution in this direction.The Spanish integrated manufacturer-retailer of apparel Zara has been defined as the Armani for the masses. Although sales of Zara (close to two billion dollars, comparable to Benetton) are much refuse than that of the clothing retailer leader Gap, its financial performance has been bright. Net profits of Inditex in 2001 were 340,4 jillion , 31% more than the previous year, out of sales of 3. 249,8 million , a growth of 24% with respect to 2000. Zara launches over 100 collections per year (11. 00 new habilitates) and has a total design-to-store roulette wheel time of less(prenominal)(prenominal) than 4 weeks. each garment will be on sale for a maximum of 5 weeks, after which is removed and sent to discount stores or destroyed. Zara invests close to nonentity percent of its sales in advertisement (5% of sales for Gap), relying instead on keeping customers perpetually interested in finding new surprises (Zara? s customers visit the conveniently located stores an average 17 times a year). While Gap brands, Zara intrigues.We argue in this paper that the success of Zara is explained by a argumentation approach in which a highly automated and largely local production and distribution network facilitates very fast solution times as the key competitive advantage, and that this design can be due to cultural and market characteristics of Spain. History The founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega started a small garment factory in La Coruna, Galicia in 1963. In 1975 Ortega integrated downstream by opening his first store, Zara. By the end of the ten-spot six stores with that find were located in Galicia.The eighties saw important changes. Ortega created the parent company of Zara, Inditex (stands for Textile Design exertion) announcing a movement toward integrated design finesse-retail operations. Also in this period an ex-IBM salesman, Jose Maria Castellano, the true(a) Vice-president of Inditex, imposed a vision of time-based competition sustained on the intensive use of applied science that was to dominate the holding in the future. By the end of this decade Zara had 82 stores in Spain and six abroad.In the nineties the convocation developed the quick response, integrated logistics network described in this case. An important milestone was the betrothal at the beginning of the decade, and well ahead of other Spanish companies, of Just in Time and lean production practices, with knowledge provided by Toyota, Japan. By the end of the century, Inditex added four new brands, separately for a different mark et niche and with their own distribution channels. At the closing of the 2001 exercise the group had 1080 stores (449 of Zara, that represents almost 80% of total sales) in 33 countries, over 20. 00 employees and the impressive profitability and growth figures mentioned in the introduction. Networks and Alliances Researchers have provided some evidence that companies relying on strategic network alliances are more profitable since closer buyer-supplier relationships may offer many technical, financial, and strategic advantages over spot market transactions and vertical integration (Mohr and Speckman, 1994). Furthermore, strategic alliances provide an effective alternative to improve economies of scale and scope.Different scholars have studied the antecedents that lead to different forms of network alliances. These studies suggest that as tick offs type obscure will shock the type of relationships (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987). A different stream of research has studied the relation ship between environmental uncertainty and resource interdependence with the reputation of relationships. Handy, 1995 and Mohr and Spekman, 1994, have conducted trial-and-error exploratory studies on the formation and evolution of inter-organizational elationships. Production and logistics are largely regional at Inditex, with much less outsourcing than is common in this sector. Why the network evolved into this configuration can be due to cultural characteristics of Spain. There exist a rich literature on collaboration. According to this Industry Networks, a set of organizations that have developed recurring ties when serving a particular market, is a variation of the old idea of industrial districts (Ebers & Jarillo, 1998).The drivers for collaboration have been extensively canvass in the literature and can be synthesized in strategies of coespecialization the search for mutual learning to support fastest product developments, better selective information and product flows ( r esultant roleing in cost and time reductions, a dominating theme in logistics) the creation of virtual scale and scope economies and in the creation of entering barriers, among others (Cervilla and Lorenzo, 2000). Hofstede characterizes Spain? culture as risk avoidance, hierarchical inclined (Granell, 1997). Solis et al. (2000) show that in Spain companies, integration and closer relationships with local and global suppliers in critical marches are becoming paramount. Strategic network alliances require time and resources to be built and sustained. In getting the benefits of integration and synchronization with suppliers, building trust represents the most critical issue for supply network managers.Important for successful strategic supplier alliances is the communication expected behaviour, particularly the quality of information and participation, and the extent to which relevant information is vaporish to suppliers. No less important for alliance success is the existence for a formal purchasing commodity extract accomplish and a formal supplier assessment and selection process. These factors plus a comparatively low degree of outsourcing activity in Spain can explain the formation of this type of network.Factories Inditex owns 25 factories, each dedicated to capital-intensive activities (dye, cutting) and the production of a family items. The large majority of these are located in La Coruna. Inditex has additionally developed a network of external micro-companies, many households, that provide labour-intensive services, principally sewing, which has proven difficult to automate. According to Mr. Castellano the local work force has higher labor cost but also sudden reaction time (than outsourced production in a low-cost area).Distribution Inditex owns a single logistics center in La Coruna. This large facility (400,000 squarely meters) is largely automated, with 2 carrousels for fold garments (60,000 per hour) and 200 kilometers of elevated tracks. Products are transported directly to stores using outsourced but dedicated carriers (Azkar for land transportation some 80% of deliveries in 2000, and different airlines for exporting, all taking-off from local Galician airports). Flows Two distinct flows can be appreciated at Inditex. One consists of long-term cycles, i. e. purchasing of raw materials and the other a before long-term cycle, i. e. , design, fabrication and distribution. The long cycle starts three to six months before each fashion inure and consists in the acquisition of two thirds of the raw materials required, mainly cloth (90% of which is sourced from India, China, Morocco, Mauricio, Korea, Italy Germany and washout the remaining one third is supplied during the season), and of one half of all garments (15%-20% is acquired in advance, 50%-60% at the beginning of the season and the rest during the season).These are those items that are thinking to be stable, i. e. , basic products for which demand is fairly pr edictable. The rest of the garments (those thought to have a higher risk) are produced inhouse in the short cycle described bellow. The short cycle start with design. This is totally an in-house affair in which over 200 designer work simultaneously on three season collections, the current one for modifications and improvements and the next two (winter 2002 is being currently worked on in the Spring of 2002).Target pricing and low scale customer word sense trials are unwashed practices at this step. Patterns are scanned and sent electronically to the manufacturing plants. Here capitalintensive activities such as dying and cutting are performed, while sewing is manually done by the micro-companies described above. Processes in the plants are kept flexible using lean production principles such as multi-skilled and flexible work forces (with an desirable strike record) and uncomplicated Japanese-like control systems.Production is thus pushed into the stores (15% at the beginning of the season, the rest according to demand), where the manager uses hand-held devices (currently Cassiopeia PDAs) to send feedback in close to substantial time about what moves and what doesnt (colors, sizes, models), allowing for fast adjustments to the production plan. Replenishment to stores is done twice or three times a week, with a lead-time for existing (or subject field to slight design modifications) items of two weeks, and of five weeks for new products. CommentsIt is interesting to compare the strategy of Zara/Inditex to that of Benetton (a similar sized competitor) and of the market leader Gap. Of the three the more integrated, both upstream and downstream is Zara/Inditex. Benetton produces through a network of mainly regional subcontractors, distributes from a centralized, automated warehouse and retails through franchises. Gap subcontracts production to a network of global producers (over 3000 in more than 70 countries) and has a network of global warehouses and distri bution centers. Design Zara Benetton Gap Own- continuous Own-periodic Own-periodic Production Distribution 0% own regional factories alter D. C. 50% subcontractors Own stores Regional subcontractors Global subcontractors Centralized D. C. Franchises Decentralized warehouses and D. C Zara/Inditex model is not a fashionable global, outsourced network. It evolved as a probable effect of limitations in the Spanish market, but has proven that a vertically integrated local network when linked to advanced manufacturing and information technology practices can result in quick response times with little stock or waste, a by-product of the synchronization of offer and demand that the integration nature of the process allows.Postponement of the (in-house) fabrication of fashion items considered of high uncertainty, plus the flexibility and quick response implicit in the lean and automated process results in low levels of stock (40% less than Gap, is proportion to sales) An important question is now whether the organization of Mr. Ortega and Castellano can maintain its characteristics and stellar performance as global growth takes place. due to European expansion a new distribution center is being built in Zaragoza, close to the French border and facilities for production in Mexico are being considered.Labor shortages in the small Galician area have also been reported. The organization could then decide to play in a niche market position and remain as it is, duplicate the actual local Galician network in other regions (e. g. , Mexico) or move towards a global and more externalized network. If the last, and arguably most probable option is pursuit, the challenge for Zara/Inditex will be to maintain their current flexibility. References Cervilla y Lorenzo (2000) Redes de empresas y tecnologias de informacion copciones para el desarrollo de la PYME. Debates IESA.Vol. 5. No. 1. Dwyer, F. , Schurr, P. , & Oh, S. (1987). development buyer- marketer relationships Journal of Marketing, vol. 51 (2), 11-27. Ebers, M. y C. Jarillo (1998). The construction, forms, and consequences of industry networks International Studies of counsel & Organization. Vol. 27. No. 4 Granell, E. (1998). Managing cluture for success. Ediciones IESA, 1997. Handy, C. (1995). Trust and the virtual organization Harvard Business Review, vol. 73(3), 40-50. Landeros, R. , & Monczka, R. (1991). conjunctive buyer/seller relationships and a firm? competitive posture. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, vol. 11, 2-8. Mohr, J. , & Spekman, R. (1994). Characteristics of partnership success Partnership attributes, communication behaviour, and conflict root techniques. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 15(2), 135-152. Solis, L, & Escobar, D. , (2000). The Management of Successful Strategic Alliances in Supply Chain Management Networks An Empirical Study of Success Factors in Spain Proceedings of thirty-five CLADEA Annual Meeting, September, Barcelona.Zara Supply ChainA network and flow explanation to Zara success Angel Diaz and Luis Solis Instituto de Empresa, Maria de Molina 12, 5, Madrid 28006, Spain E-mails angel. emailprotected edu luis. emailprotected edu Abstract Zara is a Spanish fashion manufacturer and retailer that has known swift success. Spaniards have become used to visiting Zara frequently, as there is always a new product. Zara launches 100 different collections every year, with over 11000 models, none lasting more than five weeks in production and with an average lead-time (design to store delivery) of four weeks.Inditex, the group to which the brand Zara belongs owns five brands with over 1000 stores in more than 30 countries. Although its global sales are still one sixth those of Gap, its sales have increased at an average 30% per year over the last three years, with net benefits over sales of close to 12% in the same period. In this paper we examine Zara production and distribution systems, looking for clues to its mass- customization capabilities. We argue that the key to Zara success is its Supply Chain (network and flows) approach.The production network is made of a tightly integrated net of product specialized factories, intensive in capital and run under Toyotas principles, and a secondary network of over 400 micro enterprises, tightly controlled by Inditex but independent. All these are located in the same small geographical area, Galicia (northwest Spain). The swift flow is facilitated through advanced automation and logistics systems, with emphasis on postponement.We compare these network and flow approaches to those of Benetton and Gap, and argue that the key to Zara success is this combination of a tightly integrated local network coupled to the most advanced flow systems. A final consideration is the sustainability of these orderwinners over time. Keywords Key words Zara, logistics network, flow, fashion Introduction Intense competition in the global marketplace is forcing organizations t o consider new practices by which they could enhance and sustain their competitive capabilities.Network configurations and alliances is such one option through which an organization can leverage its resources to compete effectively against fast and nimble competitors. Furthermore, the emphasis on supplier integration in supply chain management has contributed to the growing interest on strategic supplier alliances by companies around the world. Strategic network alliances are innovative and interesting forms of relationships between buyers and suppliers, however, successful supplier alliances have proved to be very elusive for the most part (Landeros and Monczka, 1991).Despite that academic and practitioner literatures have devoted considerable attention to supply network alliances issues, its dynamics has yet many unanswered questions. Furthermore, most of the literature has focused on cases in few developed countries like USA. There is a need to expand our understanding about inte rnational cases since more and more global supply chain networks are becoming more important. The study of the ZARA supply chain network in Spain is a contribution in this direction.The Spanish integrated manufacturer-retailer of apparel Zara has been defined as the Armani for the masses. Although sales of Zara (close to two billion dollars, comparable to Benetton) are much lower than that of the clothing retailer leader Gap, its financial performance has been bright. Net profits of Inditex in 2001 were 340,4 million , 31% more than the previous year, out of sales of 3. 249,8 million , a growth of 24% with respect to 2000. Zara launches over 100 collections per year (11. 00 new garments) and has a total design-to-store cycle time of less than 4 weeks. Every garment will be on sale for a maximum of 5 weeks, after which is removed and sent to discount stores or destroyed. Zara invests close to zero percent of its sales in advertisement (5% of sales for Gap), relying instead on keeping customers perpetually interested in finding new surprises (Zara? s customers visit the conveniently located stores an average 17 times a year). While Gap brands, Zara intrigues.We argue in this paper that the success of Zara is explained by a business approach in which a highly automated and largely local production and distribution network facilitates very fast response times as the key competitive advantage, and that this design can be due to cultural and market characteristics of Spain. History The founder of Zara, Amancio Ortega started a small garment factory in La Coruna, Galicia in 1963. In 1975 Ortega integrated downstream by opening his first store, Zara. By the end of the decade six stores with that name were located in Galicia.The eighties saw important changes. Ortega created the parent company of Zara, Inditex (stands for Textile Design Industry) announcing a movement toward integrated designfabrication-retail operations. Also in this period an ex-IBM salesman, Jose Ma ria Castellano, the actual Vice-president of Inditex, imposed a vision of time-based competition sustained on the intensive use of technology that was to dominate the holding in the future. By the end of this decade Zara had 82 stores in Spain and six abroad.In the nineties the group developed the quick response, integrated logistics network described in this case. An important milestone was the adoption at the beginning of the decade, and well ahead of other Spanish companies, of Just in Time and lean production practices, with knowledge provided by Toyota, Japan. By the end of the century, Inditex added four new brands, each for a different market niche and with their own distribution channels. At the closing of the 2001 exercise the group had 1080 stores (449 of Zara, that represents almost 80% of total sales) in 33 countries, over 20. 00 employees and the impressive profitability and growth figures mentioned in the introduction. Networks and Alliances Researchers have provided s ome evidence that companies relying on strategic network alliances are more profitable since closer buyer-supplier relationships may offer many technical, financial, and strategic advantages over spot market transactions and vertical integration (Mohr and Speckman, 1994). Furthermore, strategic alliances provide an effective alternative to improve economies of scale and scope.Different scholars have studied the antecedents that lead to different forms of network alliances. These studies suggest that assets type involved will impact the type of relationships (Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh, 1987). A different stream of research has studied the relationship between environmental uncertainty and resource interdependence with the nature of relationships. Handy, 1995 and Mohr and Spekman, 1994, have conducted empirical exploratory studies on the formation and evolution of inter-organizational elationships. Production and logistics are largely regional at Inditex, with much less outsourcing than i s common in this sector. Why the network evolved into this configuration can be due to cultural characteristics of Spain. There exist a rich literature on collaboration. According to this Industry Networks, a set of organizations that have developed recurring ties when serving a particular market, is a variation of the old idea of industrial districts (Ebers & Jarillo, 1998).The drivers for collaboration have been extensively analyzed in the literature and can be synthesized in strategies of coespecialization the search for mutual learning to support fastest product developments, better information and product flows (resulting in cost and time reductions, a dominating theme in logistics) the creation of virtual scale and scope economies and in the creation of entry barriers, among others (Cervilla and Lorenzo, 2000). Hofstede characterizes Spain? culture as risk avoidance, hierarchical inclined (Granell, 1997). Solis et al. (2000) show that in Spain companies, integration and closer relationships with local and global suppliers in critical processes are becoming paramount. Strategic network alliances require time and resources to be built and sustained. In getting the benefits of integration and synchronization with suppliers, building trust represents the most critical issue for supply network managers.Important for successful strategic supplier alliances is the communication expected behaviour, particularly the quality of information and participation, and the extent to which relevant information is transparent to suppliers. No less important for alliance success is the existence for a formal purchasing commodity selection process and a formal supplier assessment and selection process. These factors plus a comparatively low degree of outsourcing activity in Spain can explain the formation of this type of network.Factories Inditex owns 25 factories, each dedicated to capital-intensive activities (dye, cutting) and the production of a family items. The large m ajority of these are located in La Coruna. Inditex has additionally developed a network of external micro-companies, many households, that provide labor-intensive services, mainly sewing, which has proven difficult to automate. According to Mr. Castellano the local work force has higher labor cost but also faster reaction time (than outsourced production in a low-cost area).Distribution Inditex owns a single logistics center in La Coruna. This large facility (400,000 square meters) is largely automated, with 2 carrousels for fold garments (60,000 per hour) and 200 kilometers of elevated tracks. Products are transported directly to stores using outsourced but dedicated carriers (Azkar for land transportation some 80% of deliveries in 2000, and different airlines for exporting, all taking-off from local Galician airports). Flows Two distinct flows can be appreciated at Inditex. One consists of long-term cycles, i. e. purchasing of raw materials and the other a short-term cycle, i. e. , design, fabrication and distribution. The long cycle starts three to six months before each fashion season and consists in the acquisition of two thirds of the raw materials required, mainly cloth (90% of which is sourced from India, China, Morocco, Mauricio, Korea, Italy Germany and Turkey the remaining one third is supplied during the season), and of one half of all garments (15%-20% is acquired in advance, 50%-60% at the beginning of the season and the rest during the season).These are those items that are thought to be stable, i. e. , basic products for which demand is fairly predictable. The rest of the garments (those thought to have a higher risk) are produced inhouse in the short cycle described bellow. The short cycle start with design. This is totally an in-house affair in which over 200 designer work simultaneously on three season collections, the current one for modifications and improvements and the next two (winter 2002 is being currently worked on in the Spring of 2 002).Target pricing and low scale customer acceptance trials are usual practices at this step. Patterns are scanned and sent electronically to the manufacturing plants. Here capitalintensive activities such as dying and cutting are performed, while sewing is manually done by the micro-companies described above. Processes in the plants are kept flexible using lean production principles such as multi-skilled and flexible work forces (with an enviable strike record) and simple Japanese-like control systems.Production is thus pushed into the stores (15% at the beginning of the season, the rest according to demand), where the manager uses hand-held devices (currently Cassiopeia PDAs) to send feedback in close to real time about what moves and what doesnt (colors, sizes, models), allowing for fast adjustments to the production plan. Replenishment to stores is done twice or three times a week, with a lead-time for existing (or subject to slight design modifications) items of two weeks, and of five weeks for new products. CommentsIt is interesting to compare the strategy of Zara/Inditex to that of Benetton (a similar sized competitor) and of the market leader Gap. Of the three the more integrated, both upstream and downstream is Zara/Inditex. Benetton produces through a network of mainly regional subcontractors, distributes from a centralized, automated warehouse and retails through franchises. Gap subcontracts production to a network of global producers (over 3000 in more than 70 countries) and has a network of global warehouses and distribution centers. Design Zara Benetton Gap Own- continuous Own-periodic Own-periodic Production Distribution 0% own regional factories Centralized D. C. 50% subcontractors Own stores Regional subcontractors Global subcontractors Centralized D. C. Franchises Decentralized warehouses and D. C Zara/Inditex model is not a fashionable global, outsourced network. It evolved as a probable consequence of limitations in the Spanish market, but has proven that a vertically integrated local network when linked to advanced manufacturing and information technology practices can result in quick response times with little stock or waste, a by-product of the synchronization of offer and demand that the integration nature of the process allows.Postponement of the (in-house) fabrication of fashion items considered of high uncertainty, plus the flexibility and quick response implicit in the lean and automated process results in low levels of stock (40% less than Gap, is proportion to sales) An important question is now whether the organization of Mr. Ortega and Castellano can maintain its characteristics and stellar performance as global growth takes place. Due to European expansion a new distribution center is being built in Zaragoza, close to the French border and facilities for production in Mexico are being considered.Labor shortages in the small Galician area have also been reported. The organization could then decide to play in a niche market position and remain as it is, duplicate the actual local Galician network in other regions (e. g. , Mexico) or move towards a global and more externalized network. If the last, and arguably most probable option is pursuit, the challenge for Zara/Inditex will be to maintain their current flexibility. References Cervilla y Lorenzo (2000) Redes de empresas y tecnologias de informacion copciones para el desarrollo de la PYME. Debates IESA.Vol. 5. No. 1. Dwyer, F. , Schurr, P. , & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer-seller relationships Journal of Marketing, vol. 51 (2), 11-27. Ebers, M. y C. Jarillo (1998). The construction, forms, and consequences of industry networks International Studies of Management & Organization. Vol. 27. No. 4 Granell, E. (1998). Managing cluture for success. Ediciones IESA, 1997. Handy, C. (1995). Trust and the virtual organization Harvard Business Review, vol. 73(3), 40-50. Landeros, R. , & Monczka, R. (1991). Cooperative buyer/seller relationsh ips and a firm? competitive posture. International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, vol. 11, 2-8. Mohr, J. , & Spekman, R. (1994). Characteristics of partnership success Partnership attributes, communication behaviour, and conflict resolution techniques. Strategic Management Journal, vol. 15(2), 135-152. Solis, L, & Escobar, D. , (2000). The Management of Successful Strategic Alliances in Supply Chain Management Networks An Empirical Study of Success Factors in Spain Proceedings of XXXV CLADEA Annual Meeting, September, Barcelona.

Explain how you can promote inclusion Essay

I teach on a one to one rear end but if i was working in a scoreroom environment I would move on inclusion body in the classroom by using various methods. These include Partnering different abilities of elateers so they can learn from each opposite and on the whole have a chance to get to know each other/work with each other.Asking different members of the classroom to give their opinions so all have the fortune to contribute.Forming groups and varying the learners chosen to form these groups.Asking learners to be respectful of each others opinions and respecting when another member of the class or the teacher are speaking and not interruptingEncouraging open discussion and incorporating everyone into the discussions.Whether I am teaching in a group environment or one to one I would promote inclusion by using language that doesnt discriminate, resources that reflects motley and ensuring that I always remember that all students are different and I need to adapt to meet the ne ed of each learner. It is also cardinal to give the students the opportunity to give feedback on my teaching methods and content, thereby making them feel empowered within their culture environment. All learners will bring different skills and experiences with them to enhance the learning environment. Completing an individual learning plan for all learners makes it possible to adjust the course content to suit the individual learner. Implementing equality and diversity in the learning environment creates a happy and rewarding learning experience where learners will pinpoint their learning with the confidence and qualifications to proceed further into life, work or education. Where required, a referral for internal or remote help and support may be necessary.

The Papaer Java Test Questions and Answers

Gaddis head start Out With Java 5 From Control Structures to object lenss Chapter 06 A First Look At Classes Multiple prime(prenominal) 1. One or more goals may be created from a(n)_____. a. eye socket b. section c. order d. instance autonomic nervous system B 2. Class objects normally gull _____ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive variables do non. a. handle b. instances c. modes d. relationships autonomic nervous system C 3. In the cookie cutter order Think of the _____ as a cookie cutter and _____ as the cookies. a. object crystallisees b. severalise objects c. class fields d. field methods autonomic nervous system B 4. A UML diagram does not contain _____. . class have-to doe with b. methods c. fields d. object label autonomic nervous system D 5. An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed. a. dependable b. glowering autonomic nervous system A 6. Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is pr otected from code outside the object is accomplished in Java by _____. a. utilise the familiar access specifier on the class methods b. using the snobby access specifier on the class methods c. using the semiprivate access specifier on the class interpretation d. using the private access specifier on the class fields autonomic nervous system D 7. For the adjacent code, which argumentation is not dependable? ublic class Sphere private manifold radius usual double up x private double y private double z a. x is operational to code that is compose outside the Sphere class. b. radius is not available to code written outside the Sphere class. c. radius, x, y, and z be called constituents of the Sphere class. d. z is available to code that is written outside the Sphere class. ANS D 8. Which of the following is not part of the method header? a. Method comprise b. Return typewrite c. annoy specifier d. Parameter variable declaration e. All of the above are parts of the me thod header ANS E 9.A method that stores a value in a classs field or in some other way changes the value of a field is known as a mutator method. a. True b. False ANS A 10. You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields _____. a. in order to avoid having stale data b. because it is trim c. because it should be defined in another class d. in order to keep it current ANS A 11. The following UML diagram entry means _____ + set crown(h double) void a. this is a public field called Height and is a double data type b. this is a private method with no parameters and coming backs a double data type c. his is a private field called Height and is a double data type d. this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not eliminate a value ANS D 12. Instance methods should be declared static. a. True b. False ANS B 13. Methods that operate on an objects fields are called a. instance variables b. instance methods c. public m ethods d. private methods ANS B 14. The scope of a private instance field is a. the instance methods of the analogous class b. inside the class, but not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the method in which they are defined ANS A 15.A builder is a method that is automatically called when an object is created. a. True b. False ANS A 16. A constructor a. always accepts cardinal arguments b. has return type of void c. has the analogous name as the class d. always has an access specifier of private ANS C 17. Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or parameter variable. a. True b. False ANS A 18. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, Hello, World? a. String str = Hello, World b. string str = Hello, World c. String str = juvenile Hello, World . str = Hello, World ANS A 19. Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as a. they have different return types b. they have different parameter hears c. they have different return types, but the same parameter list d. you cannot have two methods with the same name ANS B 20. Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed? public class Order private int orderNum private double orderAmount private double orderDiscount public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt, double orderDisc) orderNum = orderNumber orderAmount = orderAmt rderDiscount = orderDisc public class CustomerOrder public static void main(String args) int ordNum = 1234 double ordAmount = 580. 00 double discountPer = 0. 1 Order order double finalAmount = order. orderAmount order. orderAmount * order. orderDiscount System. out. println(Final order amount = $ + finalAmount) a. 528. 00 b. 580. 00 c. There is no value because the constructor has an error. d. There is no value because the object order has not been created. ANS D 21. A class specifies the _____ and _____ that a particular type of object has. a. relationships methods b. ields object names c. fields methods d. relationships object names ANS C 22. ____ refers to the combining of data and code into a single object. a. Data hiding b. Abstraction c. Object d. Encapsulation ANS D 23. Another term for an object of a class is ____. a. access specifier b. instance c. member d. method ANS B 24. In this book the general layout of a UML diagram is a thump that is divided into three sections. The top section has the ____ the middle section holds ____ the bottom section holds ____. a. class name fields methods b. class name object name methods c. object name fields methods . object name methods fields ANS A 25. The public access specifier for an field indicates that the field may not be accessed by statements outside the class. a. True b. False ANS B 26. For the following code, which statement is not true? public class Circle private double radius public double x private double y a. x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class. b. radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class. c. radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class. d. y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.ANS D 27. It is common practice in object-oriented programming to devise all of a classs _____. a. methods private b. fields private c. fields public d. fields and methods public ANS B 28. After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of a. brackets, b. paretheses, () c. braces, d. double quotes, ANS C 29. A method that gets a value from a classs field but does not change it is known as a mutator method. a. True b. False ANS B 30. In UML diagrams, a ____ indicates the member is private and a _____ indicates the member is public. a. * / b. c. + d. () ANS C 31. In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter a. the variable name followed by the data type b. the variable name followed by a colon and the data type c. the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type d. the data type followed by the variable name ANS B 32. Instance methods do not have the key password static in their headers. a. True b. False ANS A 33. When an object is created, the fields associated with the object are called a. instance fields b. instance methods c. fixed fields d. class instancesANS A 34. A constructor is a method that a. returns an object of the class. b. never receives any arguments. c. with the name (class name). constructor. d. performs initialization or setup operations. ANS D 35. The term default constructor is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments. a. True b. False ANS B 36. The scope of a public instance field is a. only the class in which it is defined b. inside the class, but not inside any method c. inside the parentheses of a method header d. the instance methods and methods outside the class ANS D 37.When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field hides the local variable. a. True b. False ANS B 38. Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, Hello, world? A. String str = bare-assed String(Hello, World) B. String str = Hello, world a. A b. B c. A and B d. Neither A or B ANS C 39. Overloading means multiple methods in the same class a. have the same name, but different return types b. have different names, but the same parameter list c. have the same name, but different parameter lists d. perform the same function ANS C

Drama In The National Curriculum Education Essay

The purpose of this engage is to clear where gambling stands in development at heart England at present. It searches for its reference inwardly the internal black market and envisions what this means for the instruction of the outlet. It touch sensations at essential and secondary schools current tendencies towards period of variation as a distinct issue, and argues the benefits and disadvan cut acrosses of it holding its personalized question heading within the internal plan. The railyard testament be evaluated and a decision formulated.1. Play in the national course of study.The guinea pig Curriculum website provides the most up to day of the calendar month information on how swordplay is placed within the stratum of resume. At number one glimpse drama is absent but reference of it posterior be located, chiefly within the topic of English. See addendum One for a description of the demands and activities for Key S scintillaes ( KS ) 1 & A 2. ( National Curriculum, 2011a ) . Whilst there be purposes and aims print for KS1 & A 2, at KS3 & A 4 there is reference of selected dramatists as topics to be studied and the mindset that at least superstar Shakespearian drama will be explored in deepness at each phase ( National Curriculum, 2011b & A stage Celsius ) . References to the usage of playing period appear under publications See Appendix Two ( National Curriculum, 2011d ) .For England the Teachernet ( Teachernet, 2011 ) , DFES swordplay Objectives ( DFES, 2011 ) and QCDA ( QCDA, 2011 ) resources live with been/ ar existence decommissioned with emended heights spots miening in the National Archive. In event most of the Goernment resources advocated by the sign Teacher tr personaling web site for English are no more ( ITE, 2011a ) . The Department of bringing up web site is replacing it, but the lone suited stuff found for looseness is an portend for the Speaking and Listening component at KS1 & A 2 d ated 2004 ( Department of Education, 2011 ) .In Ireland blowout is within the arts sector, alongside ocular humanistic disciplines and music. The strand is caper to research feelings, cognition and thoughts, fetching to understanding. They expect that when this topic is taught right it fuck assist kids at a puerile age to understand/relate and cover with life state of affairss that preempt happen ( Irish Curriculum, 2011 ) . Whilst childs play is placed securely in inventions Education as a three with the ocular and aural mediums, there is sm each-scale support to be found in their Curriculum Planner as good ( NCCA, 2011 ) . Compare this to 52 resources for Drama in the Scots Curriculum ( Scottish Curriculum Resources for Drama, 2011 ) . In Northern Ireland Drama is distinguished in Language & A Literacy and has its personal topic within The human-centred disciplines and resources are good provided ( N. Ireland Resources, 2011 ) .At KS1 & A 2 the statutory topics th at any students must analyze are art and design, design and engineering, English, geographics, history, information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) , mathematics, music, physical instruction and scientific discipline. spectral instruction must in any case be provided at KS 1 and 2 ( National Curriculum, 2011e ) , although there is a non-statutory plan of survey. From the National Curriculum ( 2011e ) for Religious Education there are the spare-time natural process both quests1 ) . Research how spiritual beliefs and thoughts bathroom be convey through the humanistic disciplines and pass on their responses.2 ) . Using art and design, music, dance and play to cave in their originative endowments and imaginativeness.Art and design does non advert play until KS 2 as follows from the National Curriculum ( 2011f ) Researching a scope of get downing winds for practical work for illustration, themselves, their implements, images, narratives, play, music, natural and made objects and environments .Yet doing marionette theaters, and in any event making atmosphere in sounds, illuming, backgrounds and costumes for full size dramas would do the topic more merriment whilst specifying a practical intent for the work.Drama in a similar appearance should be a fat land for scenery and particular effects within Design and Technology yet it is non mentioned at totally ( National Curriculum, 2011g & A 2011h ) . Music and Physical Education in a similar vena let a relationship to Drama through Dance but there is no recognition for it. accounting could conceivably utilize period play to defend points and the grasp of truth in the texts and authors prejudice would so be covered in Drama. Stenhouse ( 1981, p.29 ) is agown(prenominal)st the thought that Drama is for get winding new(prenominal) topics in the give of study and rejects the imagined worlds of Drama for the attested worlds of pure history. ICT could bestow a multi-media back bead similar to t hat of exhibition flip-flop bases and modern public presentations that use computerised effects and elephantine screens.When the National Curriculum was beingness formulated instructors were literal in their disapproval of the many course of study topics being loaded into the National Curriculum, such that topics were curtailed following Music and Art ( Baldwin, 2011 ) . As the ( NCCCE, 1999, p.75 ) study provinces there are more than 10 topics in the universe. It besides notes that Dance is non found with athletics, games and sports after instruction and that Drama is non exclusively verbal. ( NACCCE, 1999, p.76 ) points out that of all the states in the QCA/NFER INCA archive, England was exclusively in holding 10 distinct topics from KS 1-4. When the National Curriculum was introduced, specialist play practicians thirstily await the National Curriculum for Drama. They are still waiting. A ( Baldwin, 2011 ) .Drama as parcel of land of English in the National Curriculum.O ne of the on-going arguments about the nature of English Centres around its relationship sic the originative humanistic disciplines. Is English an humane disciplines based, originative subject, or a more than more functional, competence led com quantify? , and Is Drama itself an human-centred disciplines based subject or a method of instruction, a signifier of larning? ( ITE, 2011b )The function of play in the course of study remains in mould in reality much in uncertainty. It is intrustd that future employers have been unhappy with general educational criterions of school departers.A contributionary factor to this low appraisal ( for the topic ) has been the political displacement from a broad space ( of the centrality of aesthetic and artistic experience in instruction ) towards a more vocationally orientated position in which the secondary course of study is seen instead as a feeder of commercial, industrial and post-industrial demands as they have been immerging in recent old ages. ( Morton, 1984, p.56 ) .The Arts Council England ( 2003, p.6 ) explains that all students minimal statutory entitlements for the survey of Drama are acknowledged within the National Curriculum for English. Harmonizing to Ashcroft & A Palacio ( 1995, p. 196 ) , The discipline course of study steadfastly places play within the English sphere. Neelands ( 2008, p.1 ) refers to the National Curriculum as the English Model where, Drama was foremost introduced into the secondary course of study through the English course of study and timetable . He divertingly cites the fact that Shakespeare was English to explicate how we arrived at this just place, which has non been followed elsewhere in the universe except possibly Wales ( Welsh Curriculum KS 1 ( 2008 ) & A Welsh Curriculum KS 2-4 ( 2008 ) where Drama is mentioned within English and to a lesser extent Welsh.Drama as a topic in its ain right is non present in the primary course of study, but as a serving of English or R.E, or supplying other countries and cross curricular subjects. Even though Drama is absent from the course of study for primary schools, it is still present through the activities and lessons which are taught utilizing play, many primary schools already include plaies in their course of study, without recognizing that the activities the kids are involved in are really drama. ( Humanistic disciplines on the move, 2010 ) .For High School instructors, it can be a job for them to cognize what to anticipate of students induce ining KS 3, this is because of the deficiency of continuity in Drama across all the prime Schools, hence merely an meliorate conjecture can be made on the students anterior play experiences. Neelands ( 2004, p.9 ) offers 6 points of common mention which can be found in Appendix Three.Harmonizing to Neelands ( 2008, p.2 ) statistics show that,amany schools in England do offer play as a separate timetabled topic in Key Stage 3 and this makes play t he lone subject in the English system which is unregulated in footholds of a casely agreed course of study beyond the mentions to talking and listening in the Orders for English .So merely at KS 3 do several(prenominal) students get the chance to take Drama as a separate topic but it is still an unofficial 1. Whilst this offers a complete freedom in how the topic is taught and presented see Neelands ( 2004, p.5 ) for three varied attacks at secondary degree , it besides means there is little in the manner of a safety cyberspace for its practicians that criterions, appraisals, guidelines and official support can supply. So it would look that Drama has become a Cinderella topic that is busy working in the shadows whilst the Ugly Sisters of English and Religious Education take all the recognition.1.2 How we got to where we are now. Most of what immature people know of the universe, they know through representations of it. ( Neelands, 2008, p.9 ) , proposing that schools hav e a moral duty to assist determine the citizenship of their stundents. there is small clip administer in the day-to-day modus operandi for play in early childhood instruction scenes, due to the force per unit area that many instructors feel to cover excessively many stuffs in excessively small clip. ( Jones and Reynolds, 1992, p.7 ) . This suggests that read/write head instructors and instructors are forced to concentrate their concentration and resources on the topics the really affair For illustration, those topics that are recorded as National statistics, demoing how many A* Degree centigrade pupils have obtained in peculiar on Maths, English and Science.Drama being mentioned in the course of study saw a assorted reaction.Some celebrated the fact that Drama would now hold to be taught. Others were speedy to indicate out that there was a important defect here. There were few trained Drama instructors left(a). The world has been, that barely any Drama is go oning ( in P rimary ) A despite the fact that it is deemed statutory. ( Baldwin, 2011 ) .Yet Neelands ( 2008, p.1 ) states that, In the English instruction system, all pupils in the 5-16 age scope have an entitlement to drama within the National Curriculum Orders for English. Baldwin ( 2011 ) the president of the global Drama/Theatre & A Education Association provides a background to how Drama fell from grace, how a timely reaction to the stiff course of study being built capable by topic stopped it being included at the 11th hr and so, as it was no longer a topic, support for it fell off. Practitioners were left high and dry, as Drama was no longer portion of Ofsted unless a fee was paid to measure it, which in one instance ended up being mark as a Satisfactory P.E. lesson. Dearing tried to soften the course of study but so came the restraints of the National Literacy Strategy which concentrated on reading and composing for the Literacy Hour at the disbursal of speech fruit and hearing. However Winston & A Tandy ( 2001, p.75-86 ) in their chapter entitled Drama and literacy supply some thoughts for including Drama within the hr. hence at Secondary degree we find a menu blanche where anything goes with Drama either as a separate topic taught by a Drama specializer or as a go oning add-on within English or as another entity, which possibly suits the more marked different watercourses of ability. Neelands ( 2004, p.5-6 ) noticed that the assorted beginnings of national counsel for Drama, for illustration the specific mentions to Drama in the Programs of Study for English showed a general understanding for the purposes and aims for Drama, such asPlay as personal, societal and moral instructionDrama as EnglishDrama as a topic in its ain right.As stated earlier he cites three really different secondary schools each exemplifying one of these points as their single attack to Drama.The demands of a nationally prescribed course of study put goodish force per unit area on instructors to suit everything in each topic has it ain outlooks and makes its ain peculiar demands. Finding the clip for Drama, moreover extremely you and your grade may value it in its ain right, can be difficult- the more so if we are traveling to give the Drama clip to develop, compound the kids s engagement and apprehension, and make a satisfactory decision. ( Winston & A Tandy, 2001, p.54 )Ashcroft & A Palacio ( 1997, p.6 ) infer that longer public presentation instructors will happen the prescribed nature of the National Curriculum and all its alterations to be a os of contention. On the other manus The deficiency of nucleus counsel for Drama, the parallel development of Drama within English with its development as a distinct Arts topic, together with the diverseness of theoretical accounts of course of study and appraisal to be found in schools make it a peculiarly debatable body politic of English learning for trainees. ( ITE, 2011c )Particularly asSchool Drama Co-ordinators disappeared about nightlong, as did LEA Drama Advisers and consultative teachers.A Drama courses became few and far between, trusting more and more on professional administrations, which were and are run voluntarily, by modernly stretched full clip instructors and lectors. ( Baldwin, 2011 ) .Chapter TWO Arguments FOR DRAMA BEING ADESCRETE SUBJECT As portion of a wide and balanced course of study, play has a important part to do ( Winston & A Tandy, 2001, p.73 ) . Drama, more than any other topic in the course of study, mirrors life as it is lived and undergo ( Winston, 2004, p.18 ) . Please see Appendix Five for some positive consequences Winston ( 2004 ) notes as being seen in kids s composing due to their engagement with Drama. At least a national understanding provides some external, relatively nonsubjective and seeable stuffs to discourse ( Neelands, 2004, p.6 ) .However, the absence of a nationally agreed model for Drama gives two points of concern The single Drama instructor has no external model to follow, therefrom the success of the Drama category is wholly at the clemency of the ability or deficiency thereof of the instructor How Drama is perceived at the school may good be based on the caput instructors preferences and biass.To exemplify this point I found at X High School, where the writer has experienced Drama via a teaching preparation twenty-four hours arrangement, it was noticeable that Drama is thought of as a high precedency topic. This was thanks to the Head realising that in a catchment country of high poorness Drama provided involvement and look for kids that found reading and composing hard. The school utilize Drama besides as a interchange stopcock to advance itself to the wider community and its governors. It held one-year Drama productions, school assemblies were punctuated with Drama in the signifier of jolly studies or more serious pieces designed to entertain and inform, it supported fund-raising acti vities etc. Drama here is a timetabled topic throughout all the twelvemonth groups, and is offered as an A-level topic.As Ashcroft & A Palacio ( 1995, p. 196 ) advocator, Primary school students can develop through play an extended scope of linguistic communication utilizations, including the bulk of those referred to in the national course of study. adrama is a societal physical process of doing meaningathe model and method of play provides a alone context for developing a sense of individuality and productivity. ( Morton, 1984, p.37 ) . All Our Futures had already clearly prize the importance of Drama, both as a originative instruction and larning medium and as the most correctly pupil incentive A OFSTED informations on student response to larning indicates play to be at the really top in actuating acquisition ( NACCCE, 1999, p.77 ) . Drama in instruction can assist pupils learn and understand whatever is required, in shipway that are emotionally, aesthetically and cog nitively connected and significant to kids who are natural prominent participants. Chapter THREE ARGUMENTS AGAINST DRAMA BEING ADESCRETE SUBJECT adrama is a procedure that can non be divided into a series of distinct and accessible results in the sort of manner that course of study theoreticians have managed to make with many other topics in the course of study ( Young, 1981, p.94 ) . Baldwin ( 2011 ) provincesTrainees are likely to meet a diverse scope of agreements for play within schools. In the absence of national orders and a statutory capable model, schools are free to plan their ain topical anesthetic fluctuations of a playcourse of study based on the specific value given to drama in a peculiar school. Cynics were heard to mumble, that with an appraisal driven course of study emerging, procedure based play would be excessively debatable for SCAA ( as it was so ) to cover with.AAppraisal in Drama has ever been sly as so much goes on cognitively and emotionally during the Drama procedure that is non easy or even possible to assess.A It is noted that this statement appears amongst many professionals, but no suggestions as to what standards could be used is suggested. Is this because they take there is to be none.Baldwin, ( 2011 ) continues. Assessment records were being revealed as lists of statements of attainment tick boxes and needed to be based on easy discernible, extrinsic results proposing that Drama specializers were non certain they wanted such a meaningful and aesthetic art signifier measured and graded in this way..Neelaands appears to belie his issues by sayingThe local course of study can be based on a extremely idiosyncratic and ideologically motivated choice. What is taught may be left to the caprice of an single instructor and may reflect personal biass and involvements instead that the comprehensiveness of deepness of survey which is a student s entitlement ( Neelands, 2004, p.6 ) .Yet harmonizing to Neelands on the initial Teache r Education web site ( ITE, 2011d ) ,The non-statutory Framework play aims might usefully organize the footing of the programme of survey for play at KS3. However, these specific aims are improbable to be considered sufficient as nucleus aims for play as a discrete topic because they do non cover physical, ocular, design and nice facets of play.This suggests that although the concerns of Patrice Baldwin are relevant, the concerns of the ITE is that without a defined construction and specific aims, the importance of Drama could be overlooked. This point of position is rejected by Way ( 1967, p.12 ) whopoints out, If we make drama another topic, so we make another progressive heterosexual line in fact many consecutive lines, one for babies, one for juniors, and so on through the different age groups. Again, because of its uniqueness there is a concern over how Drama can be measured i.e. marked. Way ( 1967, p.3 ) wrote, Education is relate with persons play is concerned within the individualism of persons, with the indication of each human kernel. Indeed this is one of the grounds for its intangibleness and its immeasurability. As Drama is non in the National Curriculum as its ain topic, it might be seen as unimportant. With the force per unit areas on schools to be ranked via conference tabular arraies on the nucleus topics of English, Maths and Science, it is possibly non surprising that schools focus on these topics to the hurt of all else. However, the topic still has its ain written scrutinies and an external tester is called in to tag public presentations. It is hence ill-defined as to the grounds behind why the topic is deemed by some to be hard to measure.Decision Ultimately, play is a valuable tool, but foremost the tool itself must be fashioned. ( Way, 1967, p.7 ) .There appears to be a divide in international pattern over whether Drama should be used across the course of study or as a topic within its ain right and/or as portion of the human istic disciplines docket.There were those who thought that if appraisal was traveling to be the name of the game, so play could and should be made to suit, in order to guarantee its topographic point in the new curriculum.A And there were those who breathed a suspiration of alleviation that play did non suit and had been left outside the new course of study,where at least it would let a greater freedom of pattern and content, within the broader course of study ( Baldwin, 2011 ) . then, unless the person schools value Drama, and promote Drama instructor preparation, the concern is that the degree of learning Drama will non be sufficient to add any value to learning within the school as a whole. Harmonizing to Ashcroft and Palacio ( 1995, p.203 ) there are two types of Drama within the National Curriculum spectrum, one being public presentation based activities, such as assemblies and school dramas, and the other being educational Drama, which involves kids in the active creative acti vity and geographic expedition of state of affairss based on fact or fiction. it is regarded by many instructors as a larning method instead than a capable country because it can be employed to present many facets of the course of study really efficaciously. ( Ashcroft and Palacio, 1995, p.204 ) .Art is utile, non because it is true but because it is genuinely enlightening. It is because play as art maps in this manner that a dramatic work can non be explained, paraphrased or deconstructed into essays. Like any other art signifier, play is alone and non convertiblea it resists crassly useful attempts to corral it into the service of geographics, history or direction preparation every bit much as it refuses to be the biddable retainer of personal, societal, or political instruction. In a secular age, the usefulness of play lies in its ability to joint significance in peculiar direct and accessible ways so that we, in bend, can do better sense of the universe in which we live. F or these grounds, play is an indispensible portion of the humanistic disciplines course of study. ( Hornbrook, 1991, p.40-41 ) .Whilst we can non anticipate the committedness of the National Theatre at every Primary School ( Turner et al. , 2004 ) they offer a theoretical account of best pattern that can be used within the topic of Drama to truly convey out the assurance and mind of immature kids and this should be the ultimate end whether Drama is housed within English or is a topic in its ain right.Does this so mean that play is yet another topic that has to be fitted into an already overcrowded course of study? No. Drama is non another topic theater might be, with its land work in history and its survey of dramatists and their plants but non drama. Drama is every bit intangible as personality itself, and is concerned with developing people. Indeed, it is every bit necessary to fling educational conventions as to ignore theatre conventions ( Way, 1967, p.7 ) .The statements will ramp on but merely the will of the authorities can do a divergency to the place Drama as a topic or non-subject is in. The decision drawn from all the grounds in this study is that Drama should be included as a topic in its ain right in the National Curriculum, but non as the course of study presently stands. There appears to be deficient construction and no unequivocal manner that the success of students taking Drama can be measured. To seek and fit it into the current course of study could curtail its utility as a holistic well being tool for the personal growing of students. How could this be measured in donnish footings? There could be students who come alive as histrions and give fantastic public presentations, but can non interpret this successfully into a written piece of work. How does one step personal growing? How can we tag a pupil who has grown in assurance, can show themselves better than before the debut of the Drama lesson, and interacts good with other pupils in t he category? Whereas before the usage of Drama they may hold been counter, screen with personal issues which had no voice except in eruptions of violent behavior.One can put trials to mensurate the cognition of the literacy greats, the hunt for significance in the plants of the dramatists but should this prevarication here or within the acres of English Literature, such that it can non be used as a grade of success or failure for Drama pupils.The decision gathered is that this testing should be left within the English topic, therefore leting pupils of Drama more freedom to show themselves through this fantastic medium. It has been shown that Drama is a utile tool in the apprehension of other topics, but it should foremost be enjoyed and understood in its ain right.The great job for Drama being included in its ain right in the National Curriculum appears to be the manner the success of topics are presently judged. There does non look to be current processs that can reasonably mens urate the true success and positive impact Drama can hold on a pupil s life. For illustration with a Mathematics test there is a definite right reply with Markss available for demoing your workings out, but what is the right reply in Drama?The voice between the instruction professionals as to the inclusion or non of Drama in the National Curriculum can be understood after researching and look intoing this inquiry. The concerns are that the importance of Drama within the schools is presently drug-addicted on the will of the caput instructor and the ability, passion and committedness of the Drama staff. Drama instructors sing schools who category Drama as a fill-in topic and non that of import will hold experienced first manus the statement that Drama should be included.It could be really corrupting to the Drama instructor who feels that their work, nevertheless committed they are, possibly seen as unimportant. However those Drama instructors sing and basking a school that apprec iates Drama and uses it throughout school life for illustration in assemblies, community assemblages and the one-year school public presentation may bask the freedom of the topic non being included in the National Curriculum, as they do non experience threatened about the cogency of their instruction accomplishments.There appears to be no straightforward decision over Drama s inclusion in the National Curriculum, nevertheless it must be pointed out that other parts of the British Isles make Drama a topic in its ain right and supply first-class support for it. Possibly there are lessons to be learned from the manner they have departed about this by an exchange of thoughts on best pattern. For illustration what standards are they utilizing to mensurate Drama s success as a topic are more or less pupils taking Drama as a topic at Secondary degree has its position had a positive or negative consequence on the instructors? Without cognizing the replies to these inquiries and many more besides we can non keep these states up as reflecting illustrations.There needs to be a manner of seeking to take the best from the statements for and against Drama s inclusion in the National Curriculum. For illustration this research has shown that most of the Drama professionals feel that both the topic and they benefit from its inclusion to set them on a flat playing field with other topics. They believe that they may be taken more earnestly and have more support from developing being given. The concern of its inclusion appears to be that it could smother the really creativeness and freedom of look some professionals believe Drama should be. They all appear to hold that Drama can non be measured in academic footings as easy as other topics as no marks are awarded for pupils personal development.Therefore after research and probe into this inquiry, the concluding decision is that Drama should be included in the National Curriculum as a distinct topic but merely after the creati ve activity of relevant success standards is added. Once there is an acceptable measuring expression in topographic point Drama would so profit from inclusion. As it stands at present at that place does non look to be sufficient stairss in topographic point to recognize Drama pupils success.