How a Firm's HR Strategy Could Be Its Source of Competitive Advantage Essay

How a Firms HR Strategy Could Be Its Source of Competitive Advantage - Essay ExampleThis paper illustrates that HRM has come round as a feature inwardly the modern day system which has changed its face upside down. It has moody the tide in the favor of recruitment and selection policies, made looks like performance management recognise, concentrate more on incentives and bonuses, relied on the importance of having a proper hiring and firing regime and many different initiatives are also in line when one thinks of HRM in the truest sense. The single most basic aspect that HRM brings to the fore is its ability to make the employees and workers feel counted for their actions and they realize that their voice is also getting heard within the midst of any company, firm or entity so to speak. Competitive advantage is important to understand because it dictates the air in which HRM brings in the much touted for the entertain of the organization. The differing stance of the organiz ation in terms of its human resources is manifested done the competitive advantage which is documented in a number of varied ways. It must be remembered here that competitive advantage works to the benefit of the HRM regimes and thus building up of the same would mean incentives for the organization in the long run. It must be understood that competitive advantage and HRM work hand in hand, in order to bolster the organization in different ways all of which build value at the end of the day. The origin of HRM thus emanates from the auspices of a single department taking electric charge of all the management concerns. This would include finance people handling recruitment and selection duties as nearly as top management taking care of each others dealings and duties. What HRM has changed is to tender the employees a department for their own selves and now they know they could make themselves feel heard when it comes to drafting policies, amending proposals and strategies and ev er-changing the course of action as per the employee undertakings and similar avenues of employee scope are concerned. Thus the most basic exposition of HRM is to devise means for getting to the employees in a direct manner taking care of their concerns, rewarding them for their works, listening to their demands and getting work done out of them.

Transforming Giftedness into Talents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transforming Giftedness into Talents - Essay Example(Bonner and Jennings, 2007) This work will explain how skilfulness endure be transformed into talents.A couple of issues complicate behavior heritable examines are classified as the discussion and correlation concerning patrimonial and ecological influences. In the present record, the consequences of genotype-environment discussion and correlation upon behavior hereditary studies (twin and adoption studies) are analyzed. The research suggests that genotype-environment discussion magnate prejudice dual watch rates of hereditary and ecological affect yet need not have an impact on adoption studies. On the other hand, genotype-environment correlation might have an impact on both dual and adoption study rates of hereditary and ecological affect, the actual path from the consequence with regards to the indication from the correlation. (Subotnik & Jarvin, 2005)Children who are gifted may develop asynchronously their brains can be p rior to the actual physical development, and certain cognitive and social-emotional understanding might not exactly display spectacular levels of achievements caused by ecological conditions for instance minimal prospects to learn because of dishonor income, discrimination, or perhaps ethnical hindrances caused by actual physical or learning problems or caused by motivational or emotive issues. That dichotomy between possibility of and exhibited achievements features ramifications pertaining to schools when they design software programs and services pertaining to gifted pupils. (National Association for Gifted Children, CSDPG/NAGC, 2009).Theories along with empirical inspections have usually been designed on certain functions, complementing as well as sometimes clashing more than ideas associated with expertise and contesting the components associated with expertise progress or talent development. A few have suggested that giftedness itself is a misnomer, wrongly taken as a

The ban on the advertising of convenience foods Essay

The ban on the advert of restroom fares - Essay ExampleThis article provides a counter response to such calls and it takes a supportive jump on behalf of the advertisers as there seems to be no clear-cut evidence to prove that such advertisements could overly be a cause for the supposed epidemic of ill-health and obesity among these tiddlerren. The article aims to bring out the domineering effects of such advertising stating that it would actually be educative for the children. There is no compelling linguistic process used in the text. The article states that children wish any others have the right to view such advertisements and thereby make their own food choices. The first two premises aim to counter the media claims by utilize survey reports that convenience and tasty food advertising are a reason for the supposed ill-health epidemic and obesity among children. In the third premise, there is a highlight on how food companies like the McDonalds non only promote healthy food for children but also contribute to the growth of children by sponsoring subordinate level sporting activities. The next premise explains about the unproven link between health problems like diabetes due to consumption of fast foods. The fifth premise adds a note on the actual think of such advertising and makes a reference to the situation in the US. The final premise stresses that every child must have the right to information on food products which would help them make their own food choices and ends on a positive statement emphasizing the freedom that needs to be given to the advertising world in a democratic society.

Reaction to Karen Pykes Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

reaction to Karen Pykes Article - Essay ExampleWithin these three factors, what become apparent are the immigrants high necessitate for the glossiness which is dominant in the society. Their picture of what is ideal and normal family becomes synonymous with that of the North American family as seen in popular media and their American peers. On the other hand, the family ideology of the minority like Koreans and Vietnamese is seen as deficient.The study reveals the preference of the immigrants to have a more Americanized family than stick with their own family ideologies. It should be noted that virtually all the interviewees express their predilection for more sensitive, open communication, flexibility, and forgiveness among family members. Their traditional family values like fiber prescriptions, family obligations, hierarchical relations, and lack of emotional expressiveness are seen are hindrances in attaining rapport among family members. Given a happening to change their f amilies, Koreans and Vietnamese immigrants want their parents to be less strict and give them more freedom, more broad-minded and less traditional, and more expressive. As mentioned above, it can be seen that this perception of the normal and ideal family stems from the hegemony of the American culture in the society where they belong.However, Pyke also notes that even though Koreans and Vietnamese immigr

The Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act Research Paper

The Personal obligation and Work Reconciliation Act - Research Paper ExampleThis essay discusses that the current gender opening is not because wo workforce are less skilled than men but because now women demonstpace a high propensity to attend college than men. Inequality in pay is due to the high extent of womens separationism because of the nature of jobs. Hence, it can be said that women are now increasingly involved in competing with men in the job market. It is now required to eliminate the gender pay disparity because if single working mothers start earning as much as men there will be an increase of around 18 percent in the family income and the poverty will be reduced considerably. Major reforms relation to PRWORA stir been in wellbeing fields such as housing, health care, child care and food. The federal authorities has allocated larger budgets for child care programs, which is evident from the fact that federal funding for child care has change magnitude by almo st 100 percent since the PRWORA was implemented. But some problems remain such as exactly about 12 percent of eligible households receive financial help under provisions of the small fry Care and Development Fund. All families are not able to get benefits of state and federal schemes relative to child care, while tax exemptions continue to be meager in assisting families to becomingly meet child care costs. Additionally, the quality of child care is still poor because child care workers continue to be stipendiary less. Even though there has been enhanced funding by the federal government in find out to child care, the pay of childcare workers has been stagnating.... Consequently, the outcomes of the PRWORA have been disputed and political campaigners have claimed either total winner or failure depending upon their affiliations. At the same time, some facts cannot be denied such as the drop in volumes by about fifty percent in eudaimonia relative to AFDC and TANF in spite of th e some(prenominal) provisions that extended benefits external to the given rules. According to Boushey (2011), it is now evident that most of the former welfare recipients do not have work and those that are working earn between $6 and $8 per hour, which is too meager to sustain a family. The extent of poverty has increased amongst working families despite the adjust in over all poverty rates. Families headed by single working mothers are the worst cause in this regard. Moreover, poverty has become more severe during the last many years for families that were already in deep poverty. Many families that were receiving welfare prior to the implementation of PRWORA are likely to experience greater hardships after they leave welfare. Over 33 percent of families getting welfare experienced situations when they were unable to get adequate food and the required medical care as compared to the position prior to the introduction of PRWORA. Families having one honest time worker stood ju st a little less chance of experiencing one or more of such difficulties in comparison with the present welfare families. Almost 25 percent of families that became ineligible for welfare and had a single earning member went without adequate food, housing and the essential medical facilities. Most of the objectives of PRWORA pertained to addressing the high rate of single parenthood amongst poor households. It

Small cases Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Small cases - Coursework Exampletional give care by the supermarket failure of supermarket to exercise reasonable/rational care, that she was physically injured/harmed due to negligent deportment of the supermarket that she suffered physical injury/harm in the form of real damages in addition to immediate cause, which demonstrates that the injury/harm is within the range of liability (Twomey & Jennings, 2013). Anna definitely has a claim and for the merits of this case to be evaluated adequately then the following facts ought to be known on that point should be a dependable take care of sound mind as well as doctors report outlining the damages she suffered, that should embroil the date and time of injury.Yes an agreement written on the napkin can constitute a effectual contract if it has all the requirements of a valid contract such as presence of an offer by one party and acceptance by the other, consideration that will be paid for the promise hold upon, judicial capacity of the involved parties, as well as genuine intention to create legal relations. Bob should win the law lodge since clearly he was not in capacity to make a valid contract because he and Carl had been drinking and were intoxicated while making the contract. There was also no genuine offer coming from Bob for him to sell his racket. Clearly there was no meeting of minds since there was no same understanding of the sale agreement. Bob thought it was a joke and laughed it off whereas Carl took it severely and even wrote the agreement on a napkin. The courts decision regarding the adequacy of the consideration is credibly to be that there was no adequate consideration since the market value of the racket is far more higher than the offered value. Thus if Carl were to win the lawsuit, then it means Bob cannot afterward file a suit claiming the shortfall (Twomey & Jennings,

The Name Adithya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Name Adithya - Essay ExampleThe spend a penny Adithya originates from organism a Descendant of Aditi or Belonging to Aditi, who was the Hindu mother goddess of the sky and fertility. Adithya is an Indian name that has its grow in the Sanskrit language. Other root words of the name ar Aadi meaning First or etymon, Aadideva meaning Highest God or Aadinatha meaning the Primordial Master ar all derived from the Sanskrit language and are essentially Hindu names.33 children, who were born to Aditi, the Goddess of sky and fertility, also known as the mother of God. The name Adithya is quite popular and hence quite commonly utilize in Hindu circles and is mostly used for the masculine gender and is pronounced as a DEET ya. This name is widely used in Asian regimes especially in India.On the family and community front, the name Adithya stands as a symbol that represents the sun, and hence he has a strong personality filled with strength and power and a person one rotter rely on or depend upon. Just as the sun casts its light on the unit of the Earth, giving life to everything under it, so also a person with the name of Aditya would always be a source of help and strength to others around him. Basically, he is a person one discount depend upon because he can never let others down. He is the kind of person who hates being solely but make dos being surrounded by laughter and cheer because he too revels in the love and advanced nature of others. He is a good friend and guide and believes in all that is good and right and shuns what is bad and demeaning. People with the name Adithya are mostly leaders and very good speakers and are capable of winning the goodwill of others.

Fast food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Fast feed - Research Paper ExampleIn todays stiff-paced life, when you are living see in the fast lane and when you are up and close to in the midst of a hectic day of errands, you have hardly enough time to gulp down a drink earlier you are off preparing for your next appointment. Sitting down to have a decent meal, then, becomes a gainsay - a challenge to which fast fare restaurants have risen. Fast food has now, become so native in our culture that it is difficult to imagine a world without burgers and french fries. Today, fast food is not only served in restaurants and drive- throughs but also at schools, colleges, malls, gas stations, air ports and even in hospitals. Although fast food is convenient, affordable and readily available, it has brought about increased health problems, resulted in the degradation of the environment, created a food industry controlled by giant corporations and has led to the loss of the family tradition of eating together.In his book, Fast nu trient Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Eric Schlosser observes that fast food has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American night club and that In 1970, Americans spent about $6billion on fast food in 2000, they spent more than $ cx billion. Americans now spend more money on fast food than on higher education, individualised computers,computer software or new cars. They spend more on fast food than on movies, books, magazines, newspapers, videos and recorded music combined (Schlosser, 4). In the past, Americans used to eat freshly-disposed(p) and healthy meals at home. Meals were then prepared by people who cared about the health and well-being of their families. Today, however, Americans gravitate towards fast food such as hamburgers and pizza which are prepared by strangers who do not give a thought about our health or about food safety. Why and how did fast food become so best-selling(predicate) among Americans? What had caused this more than 500% increase in fast food spending? Eric Schlosser explains part of

U.S. Airline Industry Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U.S. Airline Industry Regulation - Essay ExampleSince the deregulation, the air transport carriers claim rock-bottom in number. A number of problems have plagued the industry and its workers. Whereas there are many favorable conditions that prevailed in the air line industry.The term air lane deregulation has been in the news for decades. The airline deregulation was gestural into law by President Jimmy Carter, he removed the power of the Civil Aeronautics calling card to allocate routes and set fares. Before this law the fares were the same regardless of the airline flown. Due to the airline deregulation the airline fares have varied. But from a consumers point of view, the deregulation turn up to be consumer intimate as fares are much less expensive than it were before. (Buckfelder)When talking about regulation, it has played a distributive role. It subsidized increasing return and it had economy-wide positive spill over. Regulation provided an institutional structure that g ave way to investing and uncertain technologies, which would otherwise exposed to inconsistencies and market breakdown. Regulation created higher(prenominal) concentration industry, major trunk airlines with high market shares justifying high-fixed cost and new aircraft technologies. (Yosef, 2005, p No 133)Air travel has increased drastically and out-of-pocket to deregulation the airlines have improved their services, equipment and made it accessible to the general public. The rigid fares of the regulatory era have given way todays competitive price market. It introduced competition in the industry and airline fares. It proved as a successful step for commercial airlines, the airlines could now set their own policies forge the fares without any government intervention and expect high level of profits. Although the industry gained a lot from deregulation but few draw backs also flourished. The industry had unionized workforce that flourished on inefficiency and generous salaries, it proved to be a problem for a competitive

Bus 415 How does tort law impact consumers and businesses Essay

Bus 415 How does genteel wrong law impact consumers and businesses - Essay ExampleDespite the creation of tort law, as we know it today, there are many individuals in society who believe that businesses are unfairly targeted by malicious civil oddballs by consumers looking for a quick (and unjustified) buck.The outcomes of tort cases can have significant impacts on the amount consumer, as what might be interpreted as frivolous lawsuit payouts are often passed backward to the consumer in the form of retail price increases or the addition of various service fees. Why is this make? Businesses who are forced, by an active judgment, to pay out large sums of money to consumers for any variety of computer error usually attempt to recapture these lost revenues by adding additional costs to the consumer. However, in many instances, it would face that the consumers who bring up a lawsuit against a business actually do have a very valid case by which to provide evidence that a wrongdoi ng has occurred.First, it has been said that the tho real responsibility of todays American businesses are to earn profit and satisfy the stakeholder and shareholder (Nickels, McHugh & McHugh, 2005). Under this assumption, a business which is unable to provide ample profit due to excessive tort payouts, would obviously not be providing this social responsibility to its investors. How, then, does the business maintain profitability when its revenues are paid out to alleged greedy consumers looking to make a fast buck?Most interesting is the well-known case of the old lady who sued McDonalds for burns received by a hot cup of coffee. In this case, the fair sex received burns to 6% of her body after spilling the contents of her styrofoam cup on her inner thighs and venereal regions. After much professional scrutiny, it was determined that McDonalds did not carry ample warning information on their coffee to-go cups and that they had further experienced over 700 complaints from other

Push and Pull Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Push and pick Marketing - Essay ExampleSince consumers upkeep is the main function of discourse mediums, communication dodge can be either suck in strategy or charge strategy. Both approaches are distinct from each other and every organization has to ensure that it plans and executes that strategy which entrust work for its offering (Hegel III & Brown, 2008). The main difference between push and pull food marketing is that pull marketing induces reverse consumers to create demand, while in push marketing, marketers entice trade buyers to purchase and look at out the products that allows them to reap profit potential benefits (Steglin, 2012). Push Marketing Strategy In push strategy, the primitive aim of marketers is to design marketing strategy in a way that will push products onto the consumers. It basically means offering attractive incentives to employees and sales representatives for pushing the product on specific points or places where in that respect are more chan ces of customers buying products impulsively. In other articles, in business to business marketing, it means development marketing mediums to get direction of businesses to buy the suppliers materials and products and sell it to end consumer. The main forms of communication mediums used are price inducements, promotions, trade shows, trade promotions, sponsorships and many more that will get the vigilance of retailers, wholesalers and other businesses to purchase the troupes products or services (Segal, 2012). For instance, push marketing strategy is unremarkably found among energy drinks companies as they try to get the attention of end consumers by organizing various events much(prenominal) as trade shows and promotional incentives. British Petroleum uses push strategy by attracting its customers who are the processors of their products that add on refined products to the end consumers. The company offers various perks, price breaks and discount offers so that it can get th e attention of its business consumers. Unilever uses push strategy for its distributors, wholesalers and retailers so that it can get good placement for its products in their stores. Pull Marketing Strategy In pull marketing strategy, marketers try to inspire consumers to demand the companys products or services. In this technique, a lot of money is spent as the tools used to grab customers attention are very expensive. The marketers need to incorporate strategies that will help in creating relations with target market and getting them engaged with their offerings. Some of the commonly used marketing mediums for pull strategy are word of mouth, sponsorships, product placement and advertisement in newspapers, on radio and Television (Segal, 2012). For instance, Apple uses pull strategy to attract its target market it relies heavily on placement of products, Public Relations efforts and advertisements that are forward-looking and attractive which will help in creating more demand for its products. The companys advertisements about its computers end with quotes like available at specific places or Buy now. Almost all the advertisements of the company has message that pulls consumers towards it as information about product with complete details are provided. Red turd also focuses on pull strategy as it sponsors various events round the year such as Formula 1, soap box derby and concerts. With all these communication med

You are required to produce a 2500 world essay describing what you

You are required to produce a 2500 world describing what you believe to be the key factors for success in running successful projects. Your work should be - Essay Example lead has many descriptions and it seems that there is no real consensus on exactly what comprises leading. Despite this lack of a definition on which everyone can agree upon, the general opinions given by business professionals and analysts such as Welch (2005), Byrne (1998) and Gardner (1995) deplete several common points with the definition given by House (2004) who states that drawship is, The ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and alter others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members (House, 2004, Pg. 15).The importance of leadership is directly related to successful projects because it connects with the idea of creating trust in the guidance of the project leader. This creation of trust and making the employees believe in the leadershi p of the leader is a trait of the leader since it requires the leader to possess the ability to motivate employees in a transparent manner without using coercion to show that the viewpoint of the leader is the correct one (House, 2004). accord to Welch (2005), the idea of transparency in leadership means being completely honest with the employees about everything sacking from their quarterly evaluations to the companys annual financial reports, the leader has to create trust. It also requires the leader to be good with oral and written communications, be diplomatic and tactful as well as nonplus his/her case to a group of peers or close subordinates when they do not agree with the decision or are hesitant at making tough calls (Gardner, 1995).Gardner (1995) and DePree (1989) suggest that for projects to be successful, leaders should set an font for the employees that they can emulate. This example depends on a complex yet close connection between the leader and the employees wher e the employees try to create the same qualities and abilities within themselves as the leader shows a possession of. Given the feature that

LS knolege creathion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LS knolege creathion - Essay ExampleThere also needs to be consideration of the roles of minceing in relationship with early(a) workers of lower positions. Having held a managerial position for several years I am aware of how difficult work becomes when other employees inside KFIC suffer from low levels of pauperism, and believe that the play alongs culture needs to alter if high levels of motivation are to be achieved, and so lead to greater success an an organization. PROBLEM These are non new problems. There were discussed as long agone as two years ago, but despite this there deal been no attempts by higher management to rectify the situation and to make improvements. Their only concern as far as motivation is concerned is upon the sales personnel, who were offered increased incentives to be based upon sales they achieved. The result for other employees was a merely decrease in motivation as they were not only missing out financially, but snarl overlooked and of lesser importance in the eyes of management. . LITERATURE DISCUSSION It was observed that parleys were wretched within the KFIC organization, despite the m whatever communication tools, methods and technology now available to both employers and employees. In bore communication within the company is limited to immediate subordinates or seniors who are then responsible to go far the message on to the remainder of the organization as necessary. . Communication is a necessary means within any organization and leaders need to learn how to communicate across the whole company and not limit it messages up an down with immediate subordinates. According to Weick and Quinn (1999), lack of communication is a major compute in organizational failure, in particular during periods of transition and change. change. Organizational communication give the gate be define as the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influ ence behavior (Daft as cited by Frahm and Brown, 2006). This means that communication must be an important aspect that senior management, within KFIC or indeed any other group, need to accept requisite of, to learn more about and to put into practice. Such management initiatives can be expected to have a positive effect upon the motivation levels of their employees .And not just any communication, but such as is relevant to particular situations This means that there must for instance be research, both general and specialised, in order that communication be at its most acceptable and effective. . Shrivastava (1987) believed that standards for sagaciousness the usefulness of research results or knowledge claims depend on the needs of users, and the different ways in which research results are utilize. This means that it is possible to reveal more of less data depending upon the necessity and usefulness of particular knowledge. .Shrivastavas specifies the criteria of both rigor and relevance, these being based upon the writing of Evered and Louis (1981) and Shrivastava and Mitroff (1984). Evered and Louis 1981 concluded that we have to critically review assumptions such as quality, relevance, precision and meaning in the knowledge-yielding procedures. Shrivastava and Mitroff 1984 used FOR i.e. Frames of References. These had cognitive elements as well as operators. They use reality tests, cognitive maps of the exact area of inquiry, the degree of articulation used as well as considering any metaphors employed. .Thi swould involve both

Grant proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Grant - search Proposal ExampleIn many instances, these convicted felons are injured while in correctional facilities and imputable to the lack of funds due to their poor backgrounds, secondary Engineers aim at improving the quality of life sentence of such students in correspondence to CCPH aims by restoring their health. The drastic positive shift of this technology influences business, society, and government. We plan to meet with other organizations like the Federal Bonding Program, Work Opportunity Tax recognise, and Workforce Investment number (WIA) that look into the welfare of such students including the University of Houston Graduate College, which will further the skills of the convicted felons. METHODS The Work Opportunity Tax Credit and Federal Bonding Program help us manage our foundation with the local Houston company center. A family oriented approach incorpo aimd in the rehabilitation process of the convicted felons. As a result, our program has a limited numbe r of individuals, which leaves the convicted felons feeling like a family and embrace the new technologies that build their self-esteem and restores their health. Moreover, the cooking curriculum incorporated in the program is healthy in terms of preventing the felons from engaging in guilty activities. We have an on-the-job-training environment for technology, tuition, and training for customer skills. OBJECTIVE In Houston, the number of convicted felons is rising and is affecting the teaching of Houston and other major Texas cities. There are programs offered by Houston and Texas governments, but they are not able to charge the rising numbers of convicted felons. As a result, our program plans to reach out to 100 students and give them a chance to reach their dreams by restoring their lives and that of their other convicts. The collaborative effort of employees and staff personnel has seen the convicts benefit from the information and skills impacted and offered by LITTLE Eng ineers. These convicts are the future leaders and as an organization, we have seen the need to advise for promoting hard work, commitment, and embracing of new technology in the society. The work ethic and dedication they learn from LITTLE Engineers will help them learn and utilize the knowledge for the rest of their lives. As a result, the lives of both college students and the community will be changed forever. LITTLE Engineers Overview The rise of immoral behavior is a factor that has contributed to the rise of develop dropouts in major cities and towns (Marchevsky and Theoharis ). The Federal Bonding Program, Work Opportunity Tax Credit, and Workforce Investment perform (WIA) has been able to team up with the LITTLE Engineers in overseeing the activities of community building through healthy livelihood education workshops. LITTLE Engineers are aware of the need to familiarize students with the technological systems in the medical field of force and have formed partnerships with other organizations to give rehabilitation services to be able to succeed in the current work environment. Background Convicted felons in the United States have increased at an alarming rate that has brought the attention of many organizations because the health of young people is in jeopardy. It

Business enviornment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business enviornment - Essay ExampleThe look to for the Planned Economy is the Mixed Economy. The Mixed Economy has provided an opportunity to the reclusive stake-holders to invest and contribute in the sparing development of the country. The balance of power and equilibrium is maintained between the private and public stake-holders. The economic policies formulated are implemented only after the incorporation of the recommendations of the private stake-holders. The production capacity of the private sector is non-conditional, and the private companies have the right to avail any business opportunity locally and internationally. The piece of the private sector is therefore tremendous under the concept of mixed economy. The mixed economy offers independence to private- sector produce and expands as per their plans however this is strongly discouraged under the concept of planned economy. The boilers suit economic performance of the country is assisted by the contribution of the public and private sector, and it is important for the authorities to take lead and monitor the business plans of these sectors. The private sector is basically interest-driven sector, and many significant and exact factors of the countrys economy are ignored by the private-sector while defining their economic targets and production plans.

Social Integration Essay Example for Free

kind Integration EssayIndia from time immemorial, nation belong to discordant apparitional faiths lived in harmony and peace. There are funda psychogenic values and traditions in our horticulture that promote integration among different communities. This was helpful for the growth of a great civilization in the Indian sub-continent. It will be our endeavour as the citizens of this country to preserve the rich tradition of Social concord among diverse spectral and ethnic groups and pass it over to the future generations.Even though common tensions in India are well under control, there is no place for omplacency as m any internal and immaterial forces are waiting with their ulterior motives sowing the seeds of ill-will. Human needs can be found as the corresponding everywhere in the world if we look at it from biological and psychological perspectives. Irrespective of the geographic, linguistic or religious differences humans everywhere have common biological needs like hunger, thirst, sex etc the merriment of which is essential for their survival.Similarly man has psychological needs like, need for recognition, need for companionship, need for security, need for prestigiousness etc. he fulfillment of which is inevitable for maintaining sound mental health. Man can non satisfy most of such needs through his own individual efforts. He requires the assistance of his fellow members of the group in this regard. That is why human beings are considered as social animals. A cooperative integrated society is most pleasant for leading a healthy social life. Religion is one of the social institutions found in all(prenominal) human societies.It assists man to establish and maintain harmonious relationships with the supernatural forces that are believed to have direct mildew in the fortunes of man. Moreover religion is one of the agents contributing to the integration of society. Religion provides We feeling among its members. Per exerciseance of religi ous rites, participation in festivals, leadership provided by priests and religious functionaries, following many common beliefs and values, etc reinforces the unity among the members of a religion.Even though holy books and teachings of each religion claim that they help man reach God, no(prenominal) of them propagate hatred against other faiths. All religions in their essence assist people to live in harmony with members of the society. According to Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India the communal problem is not a religious problem, it has nothing to do with religion. Nobody can blame the presence of diverse religions for the emergence of communal problems in the world. Even though all religions proclaim the universal brotherhood of man, history is full of bloody, violent conflicts amidst members of different religions.Many battles were fought betwixt Muslims and Christians, Jews and Muslims, Hindus and Muslims and so on in the past. Many such struggles are release on in time now like the conflict etween Muslims and Jews in Palestine. A deeper analysis of the causative factors of these conflicts shows that in all these details non-religious, often governmental and economic interests were instrumental to these problems. Religious identity was used root drift of communalism is not the presence of many religions in the country. When religious sentiments are exploited with an economic or governmental motive the resultant effect gives arising to the genesis of communalism.According to Madan (2001) communalism is the political expression of religion. He be communalism as an deology, which envisages the religious community as a political group committed to the protection and progress of its social and economic interests and cultural values. While communalism is a feeling or state of mind agile at a psychological level, communal conflict or riot is its overt expression. Once generated, communalism ashes in the minds of people alway s, and communal conflicts emerge only affairally when there is a total segmentation in the good relations between two communities.From a sociological perspective social conflict by its very nature cannot ontinue indefinitely. During communal effect each community used it as an occasion to harm the interests of the rival community who may be socially or economically sound. The feelings of relative going felt by one community is often converted into violent attacks against a well displace community. This is what happened in 1984 when there were violent attacks against the Sikhs in different parts of the country after the assassination of the therefore Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi by her body guards who happened to be from the Sikh community.Investigations onducted later by sociologists and many other social scientists proved that Sikhs who were economically well placed were attacked and members of other communities who were Jealous of their prosperity looted their shops. q uite a little with vested interests to attain their ulterior goals exploited this particular context by exploiting the religious sentiments. One must not confuse communalism with communal violence, rioting etc. Poorly conceived common ideology leads to communal violence. Communal violence is a consequence of the spread of misunderstood and ill-conceived communal ideology.But it is not the crux of the communal situation at all. Communal ideology cannot only exist, but can grow for decades before it takes the form of violence. This book contains some of the selected subjects presented in the National Conference on Social Integration and Communal Harmony organized by the Kerala Sociological Society from 1st to 3rd December 2006 at Sree Narayana College, Thiruvananthapuram. Prof. N. R. Madhava Menon in his physical composition Constitutionalism and Management of Diversity in Multi-cultural Societies deals with the significance of Indian Constitution o manage various problems in a mul ti-cultural society.He points turn up that secularism is a basic feature of the constitution which cannot be changed even by parliament. There is no state religion and the state is prohibited against discrimination on the soil of religion. He believes that for multi-culturalism can survive and communal harmony can prevail only when we ensure compare of status among people and bet on part of the paper, the fountain focuses his attention on the concept of social integration. He notices that the constitutional strategy to promote fraternity is helpful to attain social integration.In this context the spring recommends a Uniform Civil Code for the entire nation. However, political parties do not support this moot because no political party is ready to talk about it, because of the vested interests involved especially because of the vote brim politics. In her paper, Social Integration and Communal Harmony, Prof. M. Indukumari presents the multiple factors and contexts that influen ce social integration and communal harmony. basic of all she explains the significance of this theme in the present Indian context.According to her view, the prime concern of any nation iming at development should be the attainment of social / national integration. Moreover, she argues that despite some differences at ritual, social and cultural levels among different religions, there is conspicuous commonality at the level of values that promotes communal harmony. The author lists many examples of inter religious co-operation that exist in Kerala for a long period. However, she also points out that this rosy picture of Kerala is changing gradually and this society has started showing symptoms of religious intolerance and communal violence.This paper gives due consideration towards the debate on the need for a Uniform Civil Code for India. other concern of this paper is to show how communal violence affects the interests of the vulnerable sections like women, religious minorities, tribals, dalits etc. The author expresses confidence that NGOs can play a crucial role in maintaining communal harmony. In the reason part of the paper she identifies certain strategies to promote communal harmony. On the whole this paper provides a all-around(prenominal) picture of social integration and communal harmony in India. M. K.George in his article on margin is various faiths attempted to highlight how various faiths and religions can contribute to the building of tolerance in the world. He stresses that every religion contains components of belief, rituals, information and knowledge, behavioural consequences and the expectations that guide the whole system. The author briefly looks at Bhuddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Hinuduism and observes that in discussing religion as an instrument of peace and harmony one needs to make this distinction between religiosity, which only can ivide, and church property which can unite all believers.Religiosity focuses on dif ferences, where as spiritualism emphasizes what is common. Spirituality provides meaning to life and reality. Spritiuality connects, with the self, others, god and native. He stresses that the social scenario in India and the world over demands an active Youth population striving for peace and tolerance and hence the Youth needs to take this agenda. The paper Secular Legacy and Communal Paradox The case of Kerala contributed by Dr. Antony Palackal presents some unconventional interpretations of the communal ituation in Kerala.The author observes that secularism, the characteristic facet of nowadays there seems to be an alarming spread of communal and fascistic forces in the State. This article marks an enquiry into the characteristics and dynamics of the emergent communalism in Kerala and tries to trace its secular bequest and the communal paradox. The first part of the paper seeks to unfold the secular legacy and the opposite reality of communalism that has engulfed it. The secon d part is a discussion on the unique forms of communal manifestations in Kerala. The third part s an exploration into the evolution of the growing communalism in Kerala.The concluding section briefly sketches the relation between communalism and spirituality vis--vis religion and the possible manner in which the growing menace of communalism may be addressed. The paper reveals that communalism gives rise to a heightened sense of identity and belongingness as it operates on the basis of the theory of polarization. Polarization results in emotional, mental or physical mobilization of individuals and groups to cause cohesion within a group . However it divides people as members of larges communities.The author feels that religious and/or caste sectarianism and communal interests dominate most of our political life today. The paper conclude with an optimistic note that a viable alternative to the prevailing communal paradox appears to be the resurgence of societal consciousness born out of neo-renaissance movements capable of regaining the addled secular legacy of Kerala. The paper Hindu Response to Conversion Threat Questions on Conversion and Social Equality written by ShaJi. A is undertaking a historical analysis of the communal situation in 20th Century Kerala.The major focus of this paper is on The Temple Entry annunciation of Travancore, 1936 that was a turning point in the history of modern Kerala. This proclamation put an end to the barbarian practice of untouchability and it opened a new future to the oppressed classes in Travancore. The author notices that before 1936 several(prenominal) low caste people of Travancore including Ezhavas converted themselves into other religions especially Christianity since they found it as the easiest way to make do from the caste tyranny. However, Sree Narayana Guru, leader of SNDP movement was successful in reventing this tide of conversion to Christianity or to Buddhism.The Ezhavas were also interested in Islam an d Sikhism. When the low caste Hindus including Ezhavas started large-scale conversion to Christianity, it became an eye-opener for progressive Hindu reformers. Efforts were made to bring plump for the converted Hindus to Hinduism under the initiative of the Hindu Mission. By permitting entry to all Hindus to the temples, low caste Hindus including Ezhavas were hold in their religion. This paper clearly explains how Temple Entry Proclamation assisted the Hindu leaders to chance the challenges of conversion.

Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example for Free

homogeneous- get offual urge married couple EssayGary Persinger and his partlyner Joseph Adams could only dream of the daytime they got married. They were to cash in ones chipsher since high school and had spent ten-spot long, expert years together. They brought joy into each others realness and they were in love. Gary and Joseph dreamed of atomic number 53 day walking down the isle and getting married here in California, by the delightful beach. They both planned out their wedding, envisioning the day their dreams would come true. On the way home unitary night, after a gay activist meeting, Gary and Joseph were in a terrible car accident. In the infirmary were Joseph was dying, his last words to Gary were, Never give up on our vision Gary, never give up.If I dont get it, I want you to find someone else who deserves you, and deals you happy. Get married, Gary. Be happy Now, s even off years after the tragedy, Gary thinks he has found the one who he can spend the pa ss off of his deportment with. Gary and his new partner, Ryan Ashbelle, ar continuing the vision were it was last left off. They eagerly plan any detail of their wedding hoping that one day, they can turn that vision that started off realityy years ago, into a reality. Same energise couples should be whollyowed to get married because they atomic number 18 being discriminated against, its their life and they would non be touching anyone else, and they have the potential to build strong families.By not allowing corresponding sex couples to get married, this majority rule is discriminating against them. The Defense Of mating Act, a 1996 law that specifically denies federal official marriage rights to to corresponding sex couples, is unconstitutional, stated Aron Kase in his obligate, Court Rules Defense of Marriage Act Unconstitutional. Denying federal marriage rights to populate simply because of their sexual orientation is a uncivilized discrimination that should not happening in this day and age. It is very similar to the discrimination in the 1900s against colored people. In both cases, people are denied rights and not treated ablely simply because of their differences. President Barack Obama does not support the Defense of Marriage Act. lawyer General Eric Holder verbalise President Barack Obama can no longer defend a federal law that defines marriage as only between a man and a woman, stated the Huffington tin in their article, Obama Defense Of Marriage Act Unconstitutional.This coun leaven needs to obey the constitution, realize that we are all created equal, and allow gay marriage. Several parts of Europe have allowed gay marriage and give resembling sex couples federal marriage rights. If they can do it, why cant America? In his article Should Gay Marriage Be Legal? Nate Silver declared, Same sex couples should have access to the akin marriage benefits and public acknowledgement whoop it uped by heterosexual couples and prohibitin g marriage is an unconstitutional discrimination. Its not fair to self homogeneous(prenominal) sex couples if they cannot get married. Many same sex couples are heartbroken and devastated that they cannot get married and enjoy the many benefits that come with marriage. Some people argue that marriage should only be between an man and a woman. However, people need to realize that the world has changed over the years, and not everyone is traditional in that sense. This democracy needs to be to a greater extent than open minded.Same sex couples should be allowed to marry because its their life and they would not be affecting anyone. Some people are so against gay marriage when it would not even affect their life in any possible way. People act as if their whole world would turn upside down if gays and lesbians get married. Gay marriage would not affect or impose on _or_ oppress anyone declared Brian Saldivar, a supporter of the gay and lesbian community, during his interview on gay marriage. Nobody should rag about other peoples relationships. If a homosexual couple want to get married, its their business and nobody should try and stop them from being happy. People should not be nosy and interfere with a couples individualal life. Its my life and I should be in control of it stated Saldivar.It is not okay for this democracy to dictate the lives of gays and lesbians by telling them what they may and may not do. So far, same sex couples have been relatively cool it about the situation, but it wont always be precisely banners and protesting. Either this democracy allows same sex marriage, or one day, they will all rebel. When Spain allowed same sex marriage, Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said they were Expanding the opportunities of happiness for our neighbors, colleagues, friends and family. America should do the same and let same sex couples enjoy their lives happily and peacefully. Gays and lesbians are people too, and this democracy cannot keep treating them differently and stand in their way of happiness. Some people mistakingly intrust that by allowing same sex marriage, society will be destroyed. The truth is that it can only make society stronger because it will bring happiness to millions and millions of people and they will all feel accepted, and a part of society.Same sex couples should be allowed to get married because they have the potential to build strong families. roughly research studies show that children with two moms or two dads fare just as well as children with heterosexual parents, said Dr. Deanna Linville in her article, Same Sex Parents and Their Children. Children love their parents as long as the parents take back good care of them. Children do not care if their parents are gay or straight. All same sex couples can be wonderful parents. With the right environment and care, children can grow up just as good in a same sex couple household. Where research differences have been found, same sex parents have sometimes been favored. For example, adolescents with same sex parents have reported feeling more connected at school. Another study reported that children from same sex households are more likely to verbalize about emotionally difficult topics.They are often more resilient, compassionate, and tolerant, said Dr. Deanna Linville. Homosexual parents are more inclined to teach their kids not to be judgmental or ignorant because they know what it feels like to be discriminated against. Children with same sex parents are a lot kinder that children from traditional households. In the 5 states that recognize and set gay marriage, the number of divorces in 2009 was 41% of marriages, stated Danielle Kurtz-Leben in her article, Divorce Rates With Same Sex Marriages. The heterosexual divorce rate is about 50%. It is far more than the homosexual divorce rate, thus there re more unhappy children who belong to heterosexual couples. Divorce has a huge, negative affect kids, a nd way less kids with same sex parents experience it. The uneducated believe that same sex couples cannot make good parents. The truth is however, that they can be just as good, if not better, than heterosexual couples.Same sex couples are discriminated against because they are denied federal marriage rights. They should be allowed to marry because its their life and they would not affect anybody. Same sex couples should be allowed to marry because they can build strong families. Imagine if you could never marry the person you love, and your church did not support your relationship. This democracy and church both treat you as if you were not equal and made you feel guilty for loving the other person. How would you feel if you could never get married? If this democracy allowed people to get married, then the country would be filled with happier people and it would be a better, more peaceful place. Become a supporter of the gay and lesbian community and help stop this cruel injusticeW orks CitedDeliberating in a Democracy. Marriage and the States. Constitutional RightsFoundation Chicago 2009. http//www.deliberating.org.The Huffington Post. Obama Defense of Marriage Act Unconstitutional. Huffingtonpost.com. 25May2011. 24Aug2012. http//the huffingtonpost.comKase, Aron. Court Rules Defense of Marriage Act Unconstitutional. Lawyers.com. 31May2012. 24Aug2012. http//lawyers.com/2012/05Kurtzleben, Danielle. Divorce Rates lower berth With Same Sex Couples. Usnews.com6July2011. 24Aug2012. http//usnews.com/divorce-rates-lower-with-same-sex-couplesLinville, Deanna. Same Sex Couples And Their Children. Aamf.org. 08Aug2011. 24Aug2012. http//aamf.orgPlain, Patrick. US Gay Marriage law Unconstitutional. Newsday.com. 31July2012.Aug242012. http//newsday.comSaldivar, Brian. individual(prenominal) Interview. 24Aug2012.Silver, Nate. Should Gay Marriage Be Legal? Procon.org. 10Aug2012.24Aug2012. http//gaymarriage.procon.org.Zmith, Marlene. How to do Citations. Englishhelp.com. 17Ju ly2001. Aug2001 http//www.englishhelp.com/citations

Individual Person Essay Example for Free

Individual Person Essay1.1Person centred is in effect(p) about providing care and support that is centred or focused on the somebody and their needs. We are each(prenominal) individual and just because two people might have the alike medical condition, for eg.Dementia, it does not mean that they require the same care and support. As a care worker I need to understand what the set are. there are eight soul centred valuesindividualityrightschoiceindependencydignityrespectpartneship follow opportunitiesI need to listen to S/U, they know themselves best, even if disagree, the care plan is theirs unless the capasity to understand is small-scale and then advice must be sought from other person involved in an S/Us support plan,even legal advice should be sought in some ases. 1.2Explain why person centred values must influence all aspects of affectionate care work. The why is because it is embedded in kindly policy and legislation eg Putting People First, Valuing People Now an d the Essential Standards.1.3Explain how person centred values should influence all aspects of companionable care work Its important to respect the rights of the individual to be at the centre of their own care. This means that workers must focus on what the individual wants and how they want it to be provided.1.2/1.3 vvvPerson-centred care values must influence all aspects of health and social care work. Health and social care should be based on person-centred values, and should be individualised as this is a law requirement (Human Rights Act 1998, Health and Social care Act 2012, Codes of practice for Social Care Workers, etc). If person-centre values that endorse all work in the health and social care sector are followed as they should be then all individuals should feel that and health and social workers stop that the individual is supported in accessing their rights the individual is treated has an individual the individual is supported to exercise choice ensure the individ ual have secrecy if they want it support the individual to be as independent as possible treat all individuals with dignity and respectTo ensure the above is followed will influence all aspect of health and social care it is important to ensure that all individuals are treated as such and person- centred care should ensure this.

Music Appreciation Essay Example for Free

Music Appreciation EssaySound any sensation that is perceived by the aural senses. Physically, sound is vibrational, mechanical energy that moves through matter (usually air) as a wave.The Hearing offshoot Vibration, resonation, transmission, reception, interpretation, music appears.Pitch relative highness or lowness of a sound, speed of vibration.Tone a sound that has a definite pitch.Interval the distance in pitch between any both tones, ex half step.Accent emphasis on a certain tone.Tone Color/ forest quality of sound that distinguishes on instrument or voice from another. timbre contrast, one instrument vs. another.Dynamics- Associated name Degrees of loudness or velveten in musicPianissimo (pp) very softPiano (p) softMezzopiano (mp) moderately softMezzoforte (mf) moderately loudForte (f) loudFortissimo (ff) very loud increase gradually get louderDecrescendo gradually get softer playophones make their sound when a stretched string vibrates. in that lo cation is usually something they makes the sound reverberate such as the body of a guitar or violin. the strings ar set into motion by either plucking, strumming or by rubbing with a bow.Membranophones Any melodious instrument that produces sound primarily by the way of a vibrating stretched membrane.Ex timpaniRoto tomsnon-pitched exhausts snare fancy up (S. Dr.)tenor drum (T. Dr.)field drum (F. Dr.)bass drum (B. Dr.)Tom-TomsBongosTimbales (Timb.)Conga DrumsTambourineIdiophones Ex MarimaCrotalesSteel DrumsCymbals (cym.) hang up SymbolHi-HatFinger SymbolsTriangle (trgl.)Anvil (anv.)CowbellsTam-Tam (t.t) and other GongsSleigh Bells (sl.b.)Bell Tree (bl.t.) halt Drum (br. dr.)Thunder sheet (th. sh.)Rachet (rach)Wood Blocks (w.bl.)Temple Blocks (t.bl.)Claves (clav.)Castanets (cast.)Maracas (mrcs.)GuiroWhip (wh)Aerophones any musical comedy instrument that produce sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate. initiative class where the vibrating is not contained in the in strument itself.Ex Harmonica2nd class where vibrating air is contained by the instrument.Ex FluteIdentify Basic String Instruments ViolinViolaCelloDouble lowRenaissance Lute/MusicDulcimerThe Koto-Koto MusicThe SitarIdentify Basic (Wood)Wind Instruments PiccoloFluteClarinetBass clarinetOboe incline hornBassoonIdentify Basic Percussion Instruments TimpaniXylophoneSnare drumBass drumCymbaisIdentify Basic get a lineboard Instruments PianoPipe organHarpsichordNotation/Identify Basic Symbols supply/Identify Lines and SpacesTime SignatureMeter-7,6,5,4,3,2DownbeatTied vs dotted rhythmsSyncopationTempoMetronomeArpeggioHalf-StepWhole-StepTexturePolyphony monauralHomophonicHeterophonicCounterpointKeyMajor vs minor vs chromatic scalesKey SignatureModulation/Key ChangeChord/ developmentHarmonyConsonanceDissonanceDominant ChordTonic ChordSub Dominant ChordMusical Form/Ternary/BinaryPhrase/Antecedent/ consecutiveCadenceMelody/ThemeMust Be Prepared to Write Scales and A Chord Progression I IV -V-I on the staff. Be prepared to insert the Minor chord. Four flats or sharps is the max. .Must be prepared to identify musical instruments and the families they belong to.

Assessment Plan for Unit Cu697 Handle Mail Criteria 4.1 †5.2 Essay Example for Free

Assessment Plan for Unit Cu697 Handle Mail Criteria 4.1 5.2 Essay4.1 At Proactive strength we al elans phthisis Royal Mail to send out our mail our packages. The survivals we use to send out our outgoing mail are 1st class, 2nd class and special bringing. The way we are able to tell what mail lacks to go 1st, 2nd or special delivery is by our employees placing the mail in the specific trays to which they need, where as special delivery is known by rec been wrote on the mail. 4.2 The way our postage prices are worked out is by using the Royal Mail franking railroad car. We choose the option that we require for the mail, then we weigh the mail/package on the scale on the franking railway car to which we are then given a price. Once this is done we simply place the mail under and the machine stamps the mail. If the mail is too big there are special stickers utilize which get stamped and stuck on the package. 4.3 At Proactive Personnel we do not require the use of a courie r service. If we ever did need to use one there are numerous companies ranging from DHL to Fedex that we could use. If we had a large parcel that needed to be delivered we would pay for the company to come collect it and then deliver it to the destination. The cost involves the labour done by the driver, the fuel and the safety of the package. 4.4 This is covered in 4.14.5 This is covered in 4.24.6 When franking the post and handling the mail we do not record the post, however we do occasionally have to top up the franking machine. This is done by an internet connection set up to the bank account. Once the machine is topped up we venture a receipt using the franking machine these are then stored, to which we can see how much was used in a period of time and compare them. 4.7 The post here at Proactive Personnel is sent and received daily the quantities vary. We usually send out the post nearer the end of the daytime depending on how much there is to stamp it can vary from one hour before to 15 minutes before the end of the day. Wednesday we usually send the payslips out, so there is a large measuring stick which usually takes a while. 5.1/5.2 During the process of the all above numerous problems can happen. The problems can be the franking machine running out of ink, a letter that has been left behind, post being stamped the wrong price.

Conventional cryptography Essay Example for Free

Conventional cryptography EssayConventional cryptography uses similar secret key in both message encrypting and decrypting. Secret key cryptography often multiplication having difficulty securing key management usually in opens systems with large numbers of users (RSA Lab, n. d. ). Diffie and Hellman initiated the concept of public-key cryptosystems in 1976, to urinate out the problems with key management. (RSA Lab, n. d. ) The newly created concept of public-key cryptosystems employs encryption and digital signatures. The public-key cryptosystem works by providing each someone a pair of keys, a public-key, and a buck private-key. The advantage of using public-key is you can send out sort discipline publicly but it cannot be decrypted. Safely, the recipient that holds the private key is doing the decryption. The form the holds the security information for both sender and receiver is called a enfranchisement. Public-key surety The Public-key cryptosystems principal ingredie nts in realizing its security tasks are 1) Issuer holds the public-key and the unconditional signed private key. It is the basis of the certificate.Issuer can be anyone with a public key and a private key. 2) Subject- contains public key, value, or name. The subject is receiver of the certificate. The particular recipient in this dramatic art has exclusive seriouss to vista the certificate. 3) Delegation- this field contains a Boolean value providing the subject with rights to re-delegate the certificate. If the field is false, the subject may not grant or delegate the certificate to other subject. 4) Authorization- it restricts the subject access rights to a specific information, data, and locations.These rights may be given depending on applications and the level of security required. 5) Validity dates specify the validity period of a certificate by an issuer. It limits the duration of access of the subject. Sample transaction process of public-key cryptosystem. The sample above shows Ka as the issuer, Kb as the subject, True as Boolean value to allow the subject to re-delegate the certificate, Authorization to enunciate tear in . johndocuments, and certificate validity dates from 02/10/2006 to 02/12/2006.John with a Public-key (Ka) issued a certificate to subject Dianne (Kb). The certificate is sign by Johns private key, when Dianne wants to read and write files in Johns document directory, betoken will be written, signs it with his own private key, and send it. When the file server gets the request and found Johns (Ka) signed private key, then the request is granted. The server will now allow Dianne to read and write files in Johns documents directory until the validity date specified in the certificates validity field expires.The delegation occur when the Boolean field is mark True, Kb can now impart its right to other subject. Let us call the new public-key as Kc. Kb re-delegate its certificate to Kc and signs a new certificate for Kc at the sa me time. Kc now has two certificates, which form a chain.References RSA Laboratories, (n. d. ), What is public-key cryptography? online, http//www. rsasecurity. com/rsalabs/node. asp? id=2165 Wang Yulian, 1998, SPKI, Computer Science, Helsinki University, online, http//www. niksula. cs. hut. fi/yuwang/publications/SPKI/SPKI. html

The Organizational Behavior Practiced at OSIL Essay Example for Free

The organisational Behavior Practiced at OSIL Essayorganisational behavior is an essential tool in any commit-ups success. The roles to which its benefits argon experienced argon taken as a whole, with the disposal members and the system itself. It creates a better relationship inside the organization which enables the organization to direct its center and goal in achieving success. Many companies have c argonfully scrutinized the objectives of organisational behavior, provided close to organizations does it so effectively that their achievement is to a greater extent than the familiaritys growth but in addition encompass a holistic experience for its members. Introduction A companys success unaccented be defined by many constituents. We shtup attributed the executive branch or the managerial skills of the leaders, the adept skills of the workers, the own contributions of the hundreds of workers in the company, and even the role to which the consumers plays their r ole in the process. But no matter how apiece entity aims to aspire for a success defined by any organization, external factors can easily crumble the organization given if the foundation of its existence is not strong.Organizational Behavior has been a concept depression study regarding how people and groups of individuals works and act inside an organization. In context of which, the approach is entailed with a governing body that aims to interpret the relationship of the people inside the organization, the relationships betwixt them, their collective effort, the whole organization itself and the organization universe an economic and social entity. Knowing how much organisational behavior affects an organization is a necessity not sole(prenominal) because of its extensive benefits, but as well as because of the understanding it gives in historicalizing the full potentials of the organization.When we talk about having a strong foundation in an organization, we do not only cite the importance of a clear and attainable objectives and goals. The organization inevitably to achieve not just its organizational objectives, but also deal the humans and social objectives that go with it. Not only does it creates self-awargonness for the organization, but also determines the extent to which the organization is driven and committed to achieve a holistic experience working in a whole many relationship.In the study of the application of organizational objectives in different organizations we will mention later, we understand that part of the organizations success or even failure is affected by the knowledge and lack of, respectively, organizational behavior concepts. This is because the study of organizational behavior encompasses broad(a) and varied topics such as human behavior, change, leadership, teams and other(a)s. (Knoster, 2000) In this particular study, we will review the concepts under the study of organizational behavior.Following which will be find out the organizational behavior main concepts that has been used and tested by the different organizations used for this study. We will assess not only the success stories, but also show the side of failure in some cases in which we will examine the reason why such failure occurred. This is rattling important as we provide both viewpoints in the organizations use of the organizational behavioral concepts. The Concept of Organizational BehaviorBefore we begin discussing the focal point of this paper, we sh whole discuss the important elements and models of organizational behavior that some organizations adopt or use. Basically, the foundation of any organization relies on its solid attribution and commitment towards its philosophies, tack together, visions and goals. These elements atomic number 18 a major factor to which the organization manages, directs and operates. All these elements in plait is the motivational factor idler what is called the organizational finale which is composed of the formal and informal organization, and the social environment to which the organization thrives in.This menti one and only(a)d organizational stopping point will eventually determine the extent of leadership needed, discourse process and group dynamics which are very important main concepts in determine organizational behavior. These components are what workers in particular insure as their degree of motivation in the quality of work life in the particular organization. When all the elements are in place and well executed, the organization and its employees experience performance, and individual satisfaction, and personal growth and maturation.This in turn will gear the organization to its operation process and ensures that internally, the organization has its objectives set properly. (Clark, 1998) Over the years, at that place are different models of organizational behavior that has laid the framework for the trading operations of many organizations. T here are four major models of organizations, namely autocratic, custodial, supportive and collegial. The first model, autocratic has its basis and focus on the managerial orientation of authority.In studies regarding this type of model, employees tend to become obedient and dependent on their employers, but accordingly the level to which the employees meet their needs is subsistence and the result where found out to be minimal. (Clark, 1998) The second model, custodial has its focus on the organizations economic resources and the managerial orientation included in handling the financial resources of the organization. (Clark, 1998) This in turn yields a much secured attitude of the employees towards the organizations because of the benefits and dependence on the organization.The employee enjoys the security he experiences in the organization and in turn this model yields an effective passive cooperation towards the organization. The third model, supportive, entails the leadership a nd the managerial orientation of support. (Clark, 1998) The employees of the organization are consequently oriented towards performing great on their jobs and participation in the process. The goal of the employee is to meet the office and recognition form the organization which results to a more driven performance of the employees.The last model is the collegial model in which there exists a partnership and managerial orientation of teamwork. (Clark, 1998)Responsible behavior and self-discipline is judge of the employee and the employee must accomplished self-actualization in ordering to meet the needs given. This model yields a fairly take hold enthusiastic individual of the organization. We must note however that in a realistic context, the application of these models are not done individually alone. The different models are adapted in accordance to what the organization needs and aims to achieve given their objectives and goals.Organizations do not necessarily adopt an indi vidual and particular model sometimes organizations even incorporate the different models identity to be able to cod it to their organization. Success of an Organization Douglas McGregor during the 1960s made a discovery in human behavior in which he relates that around of the counselling techniques involved in an organization during the 60s involves monitoring the work of the employees to ensure that they are expeditiously operating in the working environment.In his theory, he relates that there is one way to view people. possible action Y, proposed by McGregor, illustrated that people inherently enjoy work and want a good and stable job. He contradicts the manner by which employees are monitored, a process in which organizations during the 1960s operates, and geared towards encouraging organizations to run into the potentials of their employees in areas such as problem-solving, innovating, finding new opportunities and developing new approaches. (Frazee, 2004)Pioneers in unde rstanding organizational behavior realize the complexity of human behavior, but states as a matter of fact that an individual, an employee for that matter, is also responsible for the improvement of the whole organization, that even with the difference between the employees and the organization as an entity, the relationship between them defines both entitys growth and development. Relative to the individual process of instruction an employee experiences in the workplace, organizational learning also occurs.Organizational behavior shapes patterns by which an individual is enabled to understand the overall perspective within the organization more than what the individual could on his or her own. (Frazee, 2004) In this paper, we note that one company is able to apply the concepts of organizational behavior in its policies and operations. We name Wal-Mart as our poser and will use the analysis on how it adopts organizational behavior concepts into its relationship and management of i ts employees.In bygone studies regarding organizational behavior, organizations that express and treats its employees as company assets but withholds its time and money towards its employees clearly puts a face on their corporate value statement. In the same manner at which even if performance is rewarded but progressal materials of employees are relatively not shown, employees then have reserved feelings over the organization and try to get ahead of them. These forms of organizational operations are determined as detriment to an organization and are unable to reach its potential as an entity in the economic and social realm of society.In affect, the stableness of an organizations growth will very much be impeded by the weak relationship organizations has towards their employees. The Success and Shortcomings of OSIL An organizations nuance determines a lot in its organizational behavior. The culture in an organization is composed of beliefs, different values and assumptions that that organizations tries to shape its employees behavior. The individuals behavior are shaped and motivated in lieu with the culture the organization possess and operates at. An organizational culture can either be strong or weak. hale in the sense that it influence and motivates the individual and his or her behavior and weak if it has a relatively low or no impact on the behavior of an employee. (Frazee, 2004) The human resource practices of OSIL is said to have set a more competitive format in the apparel industry. In recent years, there is an getting even on the emergence of more companies spelling bad compensations for its employees. Many critics of this issue have stated that employers had changed their operations into long-standing practices with regards to the employment of their employees and the way in which their wages are set.There is the existing fear that fewer jobs offer a traditional long-term employment relationship and continuously have low-skilled job offered a nd little opportunity in terms of learn and wage increase. Citing Hughes 1999 study, jobs in the clothing industry is no longer a full time job, but rather characterized with part-time job with irregular hours, low pay and control options for training and promotion. This transition emerged the same time the industry has undergone dramatic product restructuring as OSIL and other weed merchandisers have entered the industry.The expansion efforts of OSIL had a dramatic effect on the labor market. OSIL significantly has made the crusade consistent with changing the United States level of employment and wages after its prosperous entry in the industry. It can be said that although there is the commitment of OSIL to employ and provide more job opportunities to many, the promotion and ability to provide training opportunities was very limited due to factors affecting its expansion inventions. But somehow, in totality, it has no significant negative impact on OSIL being a successful organization.OSIL hitherto had convey its desire to devise a new communication curriculum in order for the company to train several issues in recent years. OSIL is now working on integrating a multi-tiered communication plan into the business organization. In a statement of Sue Oliver, citing the article of Millerwood Communications, the senior vice president of the OSIL Stores Division envision this plan to reduce the turnover and to comply with the increasing and more complex demands and trends of the consumers. (Miller, 2007) The new communication plan they are also planning is to be able to react to the negative publicity they have been receiving the past years.In the formatted communication plan, OSIL intends to hire more than 300 human resource managers to work for them, and ensure the stability and efficient hiring, training and performance practices to be applied. The new communication plan also aims to increase the esprit de corps of their employees by communicating bu siness objectives and opportunities for growth. The objective to communicate among its employees and consumers is implemented together with a strengthened human resource practice that will ensure that employees are benefitting the growth.The communication plans also includes updating its websites to address disputed topics, and to give senior management the responsibility to address the issues immediately as it arises. (Miller, 2007) Conclusion OSIL is an apt example to explain the dynamics to which organizational behavior can be very useful in determining the success of a company. in the study, we analyze that organizational behavior encompass the relationship to which employees play a vital role in determining the success of an organization and how individual realization of potentials is a great asset to an organization.We examine the positive and negative outcome of the adoption of organizational concepts that enabled OSIL to become relatively successful in the industry. As ment ioned, the organizational culture of OSIL is significantly strong in context that its founder has a clear intention to include its employees with its success. OSIL was accused of paying low wage to workers, having low training opportunities and promotion options for its employees. The lack of a strong human resource practices has led to several changes the company aimed its communication plan.The proposed communication plan objectively clarifies OSILs position with its employees and organization. The company is also suing technology, like its websites to address these matters immediately. OSIL as a developing and expanding company is applying several main concepts of organizational behavior in its operations. We can only hold that effectively and efficiently it can give its commitment and passion not only towards the business, but most especially with its employees. Why are people leaving from one company to another?A wide variety of reasons why are people leaving their jobs to fi nd new companies includes expectations were not satisfactorily fulfilled, unfit for the role, do not fit with the companys culture, insufficient opportunities for growth and development, inadequate acknowledgment and admiration, problems with a manager or supervisor, not fulfill with the compensation, stress, lack of work and life balance, and lack of confidence in the company and leadership (Meyers). According to Susan Heathfield (Heathfield, 2007), most employees are leaving their work for reasons of searching new opportunities with other companies.Three top reasons were identified by Heathfield fifty three percent of employees look for better rewards and benefits, thirty five percent were discontented with prospects of career growth and development, and thirty two percent were ready for a new experience and new environment. The motivating factors that can enhance the continuous stay of employees were examined by dock Losyk on his article, here are the different factors that he stated dignity and respect, involvement and participation, pay to a higher place the industry average, showcase superior workers, and by showing support to employees (Losyk).Giving dignity and respect is one of the most important key elements in satisfying the employees, harsh words, shouting, insults, and abuse of power will only result to demoralization, low morale, increase possibilities of absenteeism, and in turn resignation. Losyk added that employers should be treated with high respect, worth and goodness, let them relax, be independent and empowered. Do not crash on people who make mistakes instead make it more constructive and let them learn from it.Involvement and participation is also a significant factor in dealing with employees motivation to stay in the company, by listening to their suggestions, aspirations, and ideas can make them more involved and active much as with belongingness and partnership. Paying above the industry average will certainly and literally comp ensate the best employee thus giving and making more money for you. Great employees should be compensated for what they gave endure to the company and it should not be as simple as paying back but to reward and constantly recognize their efforts.For sure, companies who have the best employees will have more satisfied clients because of the excellent services they receive and in return a greater chance of repeat business will likely to come. Another tip from Losyk is to highlight and draw attention to outstanding employees by giving awards, certificates, extra remuneration, dinners as well as posting their photos on bulletin boards or company newsletters. To contribution and show support, to listen and know their personal and family problems can be a key factor for persistent relationship with employees.It will create a positive and motivating atmosphere resulting to a more rich and high-quality employees (Losyk). Human imaging Retaining Strategies The Training Delivery / Commu nication Options The training delivery to be used is participative which simulates real scenarios (Schein, 1987). This will be a workshop type of training. Experiential learning should be employed in the training components of the human resources planning syllabus aimed at maintaining work effectiveness, retaining employees and create organizational success where employee development is critical.The communication option to be used in the delivery of training should be simple in so far effective. This type of training program will fit the workforce of the Belfarm Hotel to refine their training skills. Also, this training program will provide comprehensive information and techniques to develop critical competencies. Training activities will focus on the design and approach to facilitate effective delivery of functions and responsibilities. The training materials to be used should assist trainers in enhancing their training presentations with materials that are professionally designe d and written.Group facilitation skills of the trainers should be maximized to effect intervention strategies needed to maintain effective group relationships and direct groups towards productive goals. Aside from the evaluation of the Human Resources Directors from available data and observations, a Training Needs Assessment and Evaluation conducted prior to the actual training proper help trainers understand and use selected needs assessment and evaluation tools as part of the design and delivery of training.Human Resource Issues and Challenges to Consider Including Suggested Solutions The challenge to have a trained and skilled workforce is the ultimate competitive value for any organization (Cowling Mailer, 1998). The rapidly expanding base of new information and technologies affects every one of us, from factory al-Qaida to business office. No matter how capable or successful an organization is, if staff training and continuing education is overlooked, there will be proble ms in the organization.The challenge is to get the best value for the training dollars spend by choosing training that suits the needs of the company and least impacts the bottom line (Storey Sisson, 1993). In order to meet the challenge, comprehensive approach to employee development can be adopted. Set goals and reach them, identifying the needs, developing the reclaim intervention, and delivering a practical, results-oriented solution. Interactive training is designed for the adult learner, requiring involvement in the learning process.Handle alter workplace challenges with customized group training. Handle challenges specific to the organization. A good approach is to maximize training dollars spent by tailoring content to the organizations explicit situation to produce the results needed. The NLC should source top-notch trainers who can combine their experiences with the latest in learning techniques for interactive sessions that emphasize skill development and application (RBA Training, 2006).

First auditors of Gadget limited Essay Example for Free

First auditors of Gadget limited Essay1. Identify the license factors, and any other issues, that you and your co-partners in Ernest Peat Co go away need to consider in order to typeset whether your firm can put itself forward to act as the first auditors of Gadget limited and the footstep that whitethorn be taken to resolve any perceived conflicts. The purpose of an audit is to provide an self-reliant Examination by an appropriately qualified person for the benefit of interested parties to whom the auditor reports to. The principle of auditor liberty is established via the Companies Act, and also an ethical code. Auditors are thus expected to be independent of those whose knead they are auditing and to whom they are reporting. There are two types of audit in habituation 1- Practitioner independence 2- profession independence Practitioner independence is the state of mind of the actual auditor. There are three types of independence that may determine whether independen ce has been put at risk.Michelle constipate is a substantial shareholder in Gadget Limited, however she is not a director. Her rights as a shareholder does however has some fashion on the decision making process however only on an influential not screening basis. Independence becomes an issue as to whether the objectivity of animated Peat Co can be maintained. Basil Bond must be seen to be acting objectively in order to provide an independent imagine of the company and not on the conflicting interest of protecting his sisters investment.The Companys Act 1985 does not disqualify a shareholder or debtor/creditors of the company or close relative of an incumbent/employee for that matter, but to each one RSB has an ethical code, which includes threats to independence, and objectivity which would normally disqualify the auditor in the circumstances cited. Jenny Jordan, has also judge that she will also engage your firm to act as tax advisors. By providing additional work as wel l as performing the function of auditor the issue of independence may be raised in a both positive and negative light.The provision of other services may increase independence because of the value of the auditor to the knob , i. e. due to value of service, and therefore there will be increased dependence of the client on the auditor. This essentially reduces the pressure of the client and results in the sensing of greater independence On the other hand the greater the dependence of the auditor on the client because of the value of fee, thus reduces the auditors liability to withstand pressure and there independence is at risk.Jenny Jordan has enquired whether you or one of your partners could act as company secretary As auditor, sober Peat Co. must members of an RSB as an overall prerequisite for eligibility to act as a corporate auditor. At the individual company level the CA 85 states that a person is ineligible for appointment as auditor if he or she is an officer or employ ee of the company a partner or employee of such a person a federation in which such a person is a partner.In light of this is a member of Earnest Peat Co. is appointed as company secretary, he or she couldnt be appointed as auditor as well. Other issues that may be of some relevance Size of firm the audit firm Earnest Peat Co comprises of three partners and therefore considered to be a small audit firm as opposed to large firms comprising of large numbers of partners and professional staff spread throughout the world with many offices. Resources expertise Earnest Peat Co. must ensure that there are adequate resources for example staffing the audit with staff with the inevitable expertise in order to maintain the integrity of the audit independence.Earnest Peat Co. comprises of three partners who are registered auditors and accountants and therefore it must be questioned whether or not this is enough. This is can be used as an indication of the dependence of the audit firm on the client, as Earnest Peat Co are of a small spirit the portion of fee generated by taking on Gadget Audit may exceed 10% of the practices annual income, hence over reliance to obtain the contract to act as auditors will crap an adverse affect independence, as Gadget may go elsewhere.

Acceleration Due to Gravity Essay Example for Free

Acceleration Due to Gravity EssayAn billet track is an apparatus that simulates the effects of frictionless movement. A known muddle is attached to an appearance-cart on an air-track apparatus. Attached by cosmic string, the air-cart is pulled by the known mass when hung over a pulley. A spark timer bequeath mark the motion at a frequency of 10 Hz (10 dots/s) on a strip of paper called ticker tape. The air-track will fork out air through the apparatus to simulate a frictionless environment, enabling the system of mess to dismiss without an applied force or a frictional force. This experiment will measure the motion of an air cart attached to a known mass by string moving on an air track using kinematics and dynamics concepts. The kinematics concept of uniform accelerated motion and the dynamics concepts of Newtons Second Law and systems of masses will be used. The equations relating to these concepts are d = (v_i ) t+ 1/2 a t2 and F_net=ma . The accepted value of accele ration due to gravity is . send off moreMasters of Satire John Dryden and Jonathan Swift EssayIn this activity, an air-carts motion will be graphically analyzed. A mass will be attached to the air-cart by a string and hung over pulley with the other end attached to an air-cart resting on a frictionless surface. The study of the motion of the system of masses will be used to determine the velocity of the masses from an analysis of the excision versus time data. This velocity will then be used to calculate the acceleration of the system of masses and therefore the acceleration due to gravity. A spark timer will mark the motion at a frequency of 10 Hz (10 dots/s) on a strip of paper called ticker tape.

Steinbecks of Mice and Men and the Pearl Essay Example for Free

Steinbecks of Mice and manpower and the Pearl EssayAlthough John Steinbeck is acknowledge for the themes of his novels, including the struggles of the working class and social injustice, he is also known for his excellent use of the literary elements. In two of his novels, Of Mice and Men and The Pearl, Steinbeck uses divergent types of t unmatched, phrasing, and syntax to enhance import and strengthen the impact of his message. In Of Mice and Men Steinbeck presents an innocent t whizz through his character, Lennie, to create meaning in the piece. The t unrivalled is brought erupt through Lennies close following of George, which the reader sees when, he pulled his hat down a little to a greater extent all over his eyes the way Georges hat was, (page 4 OMM). This gives the reader the idea the Lennie looks up to George as a role model, as a son would to his father. This child-like perception of Lennie is present throughout the whole of the story and pulls out a strong emotio nal factor that gives the piece meaning at the close. Steinbeck uses a different tone, one of realization, to enforce meaning in The Pearl.When Kinos, brain cleared from its red concentration and he knew the safe the keening, moaning, rising hysterical cry from the little cave in the case of the stone mountain, the cry of death, (page 114 TP). The shake up in his thought process shows the reader that Kinos actions were in protection of the pearl, and non his family. This is one of many scenes in the book that signify the engulfing of Kinos mind in greed. The neglecting of his family gives the reader a sense of disapproval toward Kino and deepens the meaning in the value of the moral that greed is evil.Steinbeck uses different diction in separately of these stories, but it serves a common purpose of helping the reader understand the different characters backgrounds and experiences, which increases the meaning of each story. The characters in Of Mice and Men use the unique vern acular of American migrant workers in the 1930s. George uses words like aint and yall and Lennie speaks often about living, offa the fatta the lan, (page 57 OMM). These examples of informal diction give the reader the idea that Lennie and George are uneducated and poor.This colloquial diction not only enriches the meaning of the story, but also brings the characters to heart. In The Pearl, Steinbeck uses calm and simple diction to stop personate the depth of the characters feelings and moods. For example, through his words, Kino shows that the pearl has compel more than just a solution to his problems it has become his soul . . . If he gives it up, he shall lose his soul, (page 87 TP) John Steinbeck uses syntax to engage the reader and set the mood of each scene in two books. By doing this, the meaning in each scene is deepened.However, the syntax use in The Pearl is different from that used in Of Mice and Men. In The Pearl, Steinbeck uses listings to portray each scene thoroug hly. At one point, he describes the evils of one night, when the coyotes cried and laughed in the brush, and the owls screeched and hissed over their heads. And once some large animal lumbered away, crackleware the undergrowth as it went, (page 91 TP). This gives the rest of the scene a sense of depth in its meaning due to the fact that the reader knows all that is happening and feels the tension in the atmosphere.Steinbecks description of the Salinas River at the beginning of Of Mice and Men consists of one long sentence that picks up on all aspects of the scene. On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains, but on the valley side the water is lined with treeswillows fresh and green with every spring, carrying in their lower leaf junctures the debris of the winters flooding and sycamores with mottled, white, recumbent limbs and branches that arch over the pool, (page 1 OMM).Through this elongated sentence structure, Steinbe ck better portrays the joyfulness and tranquility of the river, which pulls the reader into the scene and creates more meaning in the actions that take place. In both Of Mice and Men and The Pearl, John Steinbeck puts his own twist on tone, diction, and syntax, which gives each novels message more importance and meaning. But the meaning itself is always up to the reader to take from the novel, and read his own life into it, (Prologue TP).

History of the concept of creativity

History of the creation of creative persuasionHistory of the conceit of creative thinkingIn spite of its current popularity, the concept of creativity, i.e. its name, is a juvenile nonion that, nevertheless, went through a number of increasement stages and metamorphoses caused by the changes in the itinerary the concept of creativity was perceived by societies at various stages of development. The serve well is not finished yet. Sometime in the future tense the general concept of creativity pull up stakes hopefully be converted into a specialized concept, i. e. its regularities will be enumerated while its p finesseicularities linking it currently to a culture or a subculture will be eliminated. In the following text, the evolution of the concept of creativity through turn out history is reviewed briefly, with the focus on authorised milestones and personalities. The milestones atomic number 18 arranged in a temporal sequence, whereas outstanding personalities be quoted where necessary, rather than presented in a relentless temporal sequence.It is intuitively easy to accept the thesis that creative acts have been around as pertinacious as the homo sapiens, the clement raceoids and, indeed, living organisms. The concept of creativity appe ared much later, and came forth very gradually. On the eagle-eyed way to establishing it, many another(prenominal) in barrierediate brand-new name were generated, some of which have been used for centuries, in exceeding cases until our time. They help us understand more easily what creativity is and how it interacts with other operations in the cerebral sphere.Theoretical views of creativity follow the development of human culture and conception. thitherfore, the concept of creativity is a office of the history of the human thought to the same extent as any other intellectual face (Briffault, 1928). Much of the historical developments as accounted for in the following review are ground on Tatarkiewic zs track record (1980), Dictionnaire philosophique, and the following references Verma (1969), Lindberg (1976), Abdus Salam (1984), Agar (2001), Ahmad (2002), Steffens (2006), Covington (2007), Roshdi (2007), and Medieval Classic civilization An Encyclopaedia.Prehistoric timesRemarkable and very mod objects testifying to human creative genius are know from the art history. They originate from many parts of the humans and from many different cultures and epochs. Perhaps the foremost examples of the earliest manifestations of creativity are various objects produced by the Australian Aborigines. The Aborigines are presumed to have moved to Australia from India some 50 000 years ago. Their most puzzling creative proceeds is the boomerang for them hunting tool, for us an enigmatic object of scientific studies.Other most-valuable manifestation of human creative act and thought originates from Egypt and Mexico. These countries distinguish themselves not only by very advanced clevern ess to produce objects, tho also by the scientific (most often astronomic) knowledge insert in these products. The pyramids of Egypt and those of Mexico, Guatemala, or Belize, the Mayan calendar, and the way of using mathematics in Egypt and in Mexico, are absolutely amazing even today. The Mayan astronomers had substantial a spatial geometry parting from astronomy. The mathematics they used is still more accurate than the computational algorithms that realize the flow of data in modern information networks possible (Ferrera-Balanquet, 2009).Another heathen area of neat importance extends in Asia, particularly in the area comprising the present day Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka and Cambodia. Buildings, materials and various concepts of physics embedded in the buildings testify to the high level of knowledge these peoples possessed thousands of years ago. In China and Japan, too, creativity enhanced knowledge in a manner that afterwards thousands of years is still admired.India stands, as usual, aside in that it knew creativity as insight since times immemorial. For instance, in the extinct Pali language the word vipassan consists of the Sanskrit prefix vi- and the verbal root pa. It is often translated as insight or clear-seeing, One should not be misled by the in- prefix in insight.. Vi in ancient Aryan languages is equivalent to the Latin dis-. It is reasonable to conclude that in the word vipassan the prefix vi- generates the meaning to see apart, or discern. Alternatively, the vi can function as an intensifier. In that case vipassan may mean seeing deeply. A pali synonym for Vipassan is paccakkha, menaing before the eyes, which refers to direct experiential sensing. Thus, the type of seeing denoted by vipassan is that of direct perception and experience, as opposed to knowledge derived from ratiocination or argument. It has also been adopted as the name of a benign of Buddhist meditation.Ancient GreeceThe people of Ancient Greece had no endpoints corresponding to creativity or churchman. Yet, the poet was considered to be one who creates. Whatever was creative in the present sense of the word, was called art. The concept of art (in Hellenic , from which technique and technology evolved), implied faithfulness to rules. Poetry (from to make) was an exception, although it was limited only to ( rime) and to the (poet, or maker) who made it, rather than to art in general.The reason was that art was considered an imitation of what already exists, the making of things, concord to rules, hence subjection to laws and rules. In painting, music, or literature, there was no freedom. They were governed by what was known as (the laws). This conservative attitude and need for subjection prevailed in the works of Plato who claimed, mainly in Timaeus, Dialogue of Ion, and in The Republic, that a good work is depending on(p) on observing an eternal model as suggested by Nature, and never deviate from that model. The eternal models were inwardly reach, in the surrounding world, of which artists were the imitators. They consequently had to abide by certain rules. In the visual arts, freedom was curtailed by the proportions that Polyclitus had established for the human frame. He called them the canon (meaning, measure). Likewise, in music, no freedom was necessary because melodies for ceremonies and entertainment were known. They were plus as nomoi. Making of things accord to rules, or , was not considered to contain any creativity at all. In fact, if they had contained creativity, the state of affairs would be considered bad by the Greek standards of that time Something similar to the negative perception of creative accounting nowadays Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 244. Man ought to discover the laws of Nature and abide by them. Seeking freedom of action unnecessarily distracts him from seeking the optimum way. In Ancient Greece the artist was not an inventor, he was a discoverer Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245. It me ans that he had to schooling the laws of Nature, discover and see how related entities interact, and use them as a model.This world-view had its own justification. Nature is both perfect and subject to laws. The artists ambition must be to discover these laws and bar to them, rather than seek the distracting freedom from these laws, a freedom that would deflect him from attaining the optimal state. Poetry stood outside these limitations. The poet invented a whole new world and gave it life. The poet differed from the artist, the imitator, in that laws did not bind him. In spite of the absence of the term for creativity, creation, or the creator, the poet, and only the poet, was understood to be a creator.According to the Greek view, the poet was an inventor, i. e. he put together uncorrelated entities and let them interact in an arbitrary manner. This is what made meter the only exception from the rules applying to art. In terms of truthfulness of this world-view, Aristotle, who established the term truth, was not sure whether verse line required adherence to truth, i. e. whether it imitated Nature. He thought that poetry was in the realm that was neither true nor false Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245-6. The concepts of predilection and inspiration, too, were restricted to poetry only. Poets were seen otherwise and they saw things differently. But not everybody was reconciled with this restriction. An example can be found in the Odyssey, where a question is posed why the singer should be forbidden to entertain his listeners with singing as he himself will. Yet, even in this rigid environment of dogmas, some progress took place. Thus, in the 3rd century, Porphyry of Tyros graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. In the 4thcentury of the Christian era, Pappus of Alexandria searched for a science of invention. He named his techniques heuristics.Antique RomeThe papistic civilization developed from the Greek civilization. It was younger, gum olibanum more progressive and more exploratory than was the civilization of Greece. Therefore, things were seen in a different light in Rome, and the Greek concepts were viewed as partially outdated. To start with, the vocabulary was enriched with new concepts, which shook up the foundations of the Greek thought. This effort happened to follow two counter-directions. on the one hand, Cicero wrote that art embraces those things which are known (quae sciuntur) Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245. Horace, on the other hand, elevated painters to the level of poets in giving them the privilege of daring any(prenominal) they pleased (quod libet audendi), instead of following the eternal model. Moreover, in the declining degree of antiquity, Lucius Flavius Philostratus discovered a affinity between poetry and art, and found that art and poetry have inclination in common. Callistratos expanded these ideas by stating that as much as the art of the poets and writers of prosaic literature is inspi red, so are the hands of sculptors. They, too, are gifted with the blessing of divine inspiration.The novelty of these postulates follows from the fact that Greeks had applied the concepts of imagery and inspiration to poetry only, but not to the visual arts. The Greek language had no word for creating, whereas Latin had. Creare and facere were two Latin address corresponding to the Greek . Yet, initially the two Latin terms had almost the same meaning (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 246), and were thus interchangeable.ChristianityUnder medieval Christianity, the Latin creatio came to designate Gods act of creatio ex nihilo (i.e. creation from nothing). Creatio thus no continuing could apply to human activities. Its meaning differed from the meaning of facere (to make). Applied to human activities, facere was the only word to be used. Cassiodorus, the important statesman and writer of the 6th century, explained that things made and created differ, because we can make but cannot create. H is important works on this topic, written after his retirement, include De anima ( publish 540), Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum (published probably 543-555), and De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum Tatarkiewicz 1980, p. 247.This more or less secular explanation of creativity collided with the archaic views of some Christian writers. To begin with, they believed that art did not belong to the realm of creativity. In this respect they had the same belief as the Greeks. Medieval Christian writers granted no exception to poetry. They claimed that poetry had to follow its rules. Therefore it was an art, i. e. a craft rather than a creative activity. The dominant figure among these writers was St. Augustine, a personality whose works are of interest even today. He is claimed to have used the word imagination as a precursor to creativity. Imagination, according to St. Augustine comprised disposition, multiplication, reduction, extension, ordering, any kind o f re-composition of images, etc. (Rodari, 1983). These very same components of imagination are used even today Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 247.Further changes were recorded in the nub climb ons poetrys exceptional term was gradually revoked, because poetry had its rules. It was thus regarded as an art, i. e. a craft, rather than creativity. The new, religious interpretation of the expression notwithstanding, the whim that art is not related to creativity persisted. The works of two influential early Christian writers, Pseudo-Dionysius and St. Augustine, promote it. The same can be said the works of Hraban the Moor and Robert Grosseteste, in the 13th century.reincarnationThere are two periods in atomic number 63an history, called the Renaissance. The first one is the 12th century Renaissance. It was a period of many innovative and creative cahnges during the High Middle Ages, such as social, political and economic diversitys. collimate developments in philosophical system and scie nce resulted in an intellectual revitalization of Europe.The second renaissance is the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century. Some historians claim that the changes having taken place in the Middle Ages paved the way to the Italian Renaissance, as well as to the scientific developments of the 17th century.The French historian Jacques le Goff, an agnostic, argues that the Middle Ages formed an entirely new civilization, distinct from both the Greco-Roman antiquity, and from the modern world. The medieval achievements of the human principal and the human hands can only be related briefly.The First Rrenaissance . The most creative political acts of the 12th century were the founding of the Hansa in Northern Europe (along the southern shore of the North ocean and the Baltic Sea, with a few excursions deeper into Central Europe), the Crusades, the rise of towns, and the rise of the early bureaucratic states. In the cultural sphere the vernaculars began to replace Latin increasingly, h igher education became more prominent, with universities sprouting all around the European continent between the Atlantic and the Theisse river, the Romanesque art was gradually replaced by the Gothic art, the liturgical drama, and a European system of law was established. These changes are true milestones. In the arts, more emphasis was put on computer architecture and sculpture, while in parallel there was a revival of interest in Latin poetry and Latin classics. An outer expansion began in the late 13th century, when the Venetian explorer Marco Polo set out to follow the Silk Road to China. His documentary Il Milone made Europeans more aware of the Far East, which inspired many missionaries (Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and others) to go east and spread Christianity.The greatest leaps of human knowledge were, however, recorded in science and technology. Since Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen, 965-1039) laid down the foundat ions of the scientific mode, the emphasis was put on seeking truth. Science thus became a formal discipline, different from philosophy. In early Middle Ages, the convolute Empire, the most advanced culture of antiquity, suffered losses and a decline in its scientific capacity. Likewise, Western Europe, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, suffered a catastrophic loss of knowledge. This was partially offset by the efforts of church service scholars, like Aquinas and Buridan, who preserved elements of scientific inquiry. In that manner, by translating and imitating the works of Islamic scholars Europe could begin catching up with the scientific discoveries of the Islamic world, the Mediterranean basin, India, and China.The most important steps to Europes scientific convalescence at that time comprise the following events Development of the scientific method (Alhazen, Biruni, Bacon, and Grosseteste) Arithmetic and Algebra (Al-Khwarizmi) Differential compaction (Bhaskara) Me chanics (Avicenna, with a later contribution by Ibn Bajjah, also known as Avempace, Buridan, Galileo, Descartes and Newton) Optics(Aristotle, Plato, Galen, Euclid, Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemaeus. In the 10th century, Alhazen proved empirically that light propagates linearlyRobert Grosseteste developed a theory of optics based on the works of al-Kindi and Ptolemaeus. Roger Bacon expanded on Grossetestess theory and integrated Alhazens optics into it. Finally, Kepler was able to use the foregoing findings to develop the modern theory of optics) Surgery(Abulcasis or Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi developed procedures and instruments of modern surgery, such as the scalpel, syringe, vaginal speculum, etc.). In 1266, Theodoric Borgogni published his Chirurgia, in which he advocates antiseptic surgery) Alchemy and Chemistry (The Jaberian Corpus, written in the 10th century by the Brotherhood of Purity (Ismaylia), the Summa Perfectionis, by Paulus de Tarento, the Secret of Secr ets by al-Razi (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi)Trigonometry (al-Tusi, Regiomontanus and Puerbach made these methods wider known in the 15th century) Navigation (the astrolabe and the portable compass, Peter de Maricourt) Accurate lunar models(Ibn al-Shatir Copernicus is believed to have relied on al-Shatirs model) Incendiary weapons and bombs (flame-throwers, land- and sea-mines, and rockets). Among important technological accomplishments and developments, the following can be listedThe windmill, first mentioned in 1185 (England) Paper manufacture began around 1270 (Italy) The spin around wheel (13th century) The magnetic compass for navigation, and the astrolabe (toward the end of the 13th century) Eyeglasses, in the late 13th century (Italy) The Hindu-Arabic numerals introduced to Europe in 1202 with the book Liber Abaci by Leonardo of Pisa The stern-mounted rudder, which can be found on church carvings.The philosophy developed in the Middle Ages was the academicism. It is f ounded on a reinterpretation of the works of Aristotle, with further refinements by scholars like Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and Ablard. Scholasticism believes in empirical studies, and its practitioners supported the Catholic Church. Perhaps the most famous practitioner of Scholasticism was Thomas of Aquinas. His Philosophy of mind teaches that the mind of a newborn baby is a tabula rasa that was given the cogency to think, and to recognize forms, patterns, or ideas through a divine spark.In the late Middle Ages, the rate of scientific progress declined significantly due to the decline of the Muslim empires and the Byzantine Empire. This situation lasted until after the Renaissance.The Italian Reanaissance. The Italian Reanaissance brought further changes into the mode of thinking and lifestyle of people. The Renaissance philosophy is that of Humanism, which perhaps is more a method of learning than a philosophy per se. An approximate, but generally accepted definition of Humanism is the movement to recover, interpret, and dupe the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome. Unlike the medieval scholars, humanists would apply a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence in reading and appraising ancient texts in the original. Humanist education focus on the study of five humanities poetry, grammar, history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy. Above all, humanists asserted mans genius and the ability of the human mind, which is unique and extraordinary.Humanism is more secular in some aspects, but it unquestionably developed against a Christian backdrop, particularly in the Northern Renaissance. That period gave mankind some outstanding theologians, all of them chase of the humanist method. They include Zwingli, Calvin, Thomas More, Erasmus, and Martin Luther. In particular, Dr Martin Luther must be viewed as the liberator of the human soul, with whatever action it had on attendant cataclysmic development s in society, science, business, and trade.Although the people of the Renaissance were well aware of their freedom and creativity, the term creativity was not established yet. It was not until the 17th-century that the word creativity was applied for the first time. The man behind it was Polish poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640), also known as the last Latin poet. Sarbiewaski applied the term only to poetry. In his treatise, De perfecta poesi, he wrote that a poet invents, and creates anew (de novo creat) in the manner of God (instar Dei) (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). Other arts, in Sarbiewskis opinion, do not create. They merely imitate and copy. Why Sarbiewski regarded creativity as something that only poetry could be associated with, thus excluding visual arts, follows from his opinion that arts (other than poetry) imitate and copy, rather than create, in that they assume the material from which they create is already available, and so is the subject. At the end of the 17th century Andr Flibien (1619-75) called the painter a creator. Spanish Jesuit Baltasr Gracin (1601-58) saw art as the second Creator that complements nature. This formulation is resounding of Sarbiewskis formulations (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248).In the 18th century, the occurrence of the concept of creativity in art theory kept increasing. It was complemented with the concept of imagination. In Joseph Addisons opinion imagination has something in it like creation. A similar opinion was held by Voltaire (1740). These authors, however, equated only poet with creator (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248-9).Contrary views proliferated, too, particularly in France. Diderot worked with imagination, which he viewed merely as the memory of forms and content, which creates nothing. It only combines, magnifies or diminishes. The human mind cannot create, wrote Charles Batteux. He, too, saw its products as displaying the stigmata of the model used. tienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715-80) and Luc de Clapiers, known as marquis de Vauvenargues (1715-47), proposed similar ideas (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249). There were three reasons why they rejected the idea of human creativityCreation was at that time reserved for creation ex nihilo. The latter was beyond mans abilities.Creation is a mysterious act. Enlightenment psychology, however, had no room for mysteries.Artists of that time age observed their rules. Creativity, however, seemed irreconcilable with rules.The third remonstrance was, however, weak. Houdar de la Motte (1715) was one of the thinkers who suggested that rules, too, are a human invention (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249).The philosopher Marsilio Ficino wrote that the artists work is the result of thinking it up (excogitatio). Leon Battista Alberti, the theoretician of architecture and painting, claimed that he preordains (preordinazione), and Raphael claimed that his ideas shape his painting. Universal genius Leonardo da Vinci claimed that it was his idea that set how h is painting was shaped, using shapes that do not exist in nature. Another painter, Raphael Santi, too, claimed that he painted according to his ideas. Giorgio Vasari claimed that nature is conquered by art. Paolo Pino, the art theoretician from Venice claimed that painting is inventing what is not. Likewise, Paolo Veronese declared that painters take the same liberties as they were poets and madmen. A new world, new paradiseswas what an artist shapes, maintained Federico Zuccari. Cesare Cesariano extended this to architects whom he considered demi-gods. In the realm of music, according to the Dutch composer and musicologist Jan Tinctoris, a composer was one who produces new songs. He thus associated novelty with a composers work.Writers on poetry were even more consequent. Capriano claimed that poetic inventions spring from nothing. Francesco Patrizi held that poetry was a fiction, shaping, and transformation (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248).The developments in the Renaissance science w ere as dynamic as in the arts. Science and the arts were intermingled, which manifests go around in the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He made observational drawings of nature and anatomy, set up and conducted controlled experiments in water-flow and aerodynamics, systematic study of motion, and medical dissection. Leonardo devised principles of scientific research method in the whole step of holistic, non-mechanistic and non-reductive undertake popular today. Leonardo deserves the epithet the father of modern science. The focus on the process for discovery, the scientific method, corroborated by influential proponents such as Copernicus and Galileo, is perhaps the most significant development of that time. This extremist way of learning about the world stressed the importance of empirical evidence, as well as the importance of mathematics, rather than highlighting a given discovery.Age of ReasonIn the 18th century, the Age of Reason and Change, the concept of creativity appeared m ore frequently in art theory. Once again, famous personalities necessary an ancillary concept to explain and justify creativity. One such concept was that of imagination. It was first used in 1712 by the English essayist, poet and publisher Joseph Addison. He published 11 essays on imagination in The Spectator. In one essay he claims that only the sense of sight supplies ideas to the imagination. He speculated about a congruence between imagiantion and creativity. By the same time, the famous French author and philosopher Franois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire distinguished between passive and quick imagination. On the latter he wrote in his Dictionnaire philosophique that Active imagination is that which joins combination and reflection to memory. It brings near to us many objects at a distance it separates those mixed together, compounds them, and changes them it seems to create, while in fact it merely arranges for it has not been given to man to make ideas-he is only able to modify them. Voltaire continued This gift of nature is an imagination inventive in the arts in the disposition of a picture, in the structure of a poem. twain authors thus indicate that poets are creative, and they equate poet with creator.Modern timesThe resistance against recognizing art as creativity, seen in the preceding centuries, crumbled totally in the 19thcentury. Now art gained recognition as creativity and, moreover, art all was regarded as creativity. At the turn of the 20th century discussion of creativity in the art as well as in the sciences, e.g. by Jan ukasiewicz (Sinisi, 2004), and in nature (cf. Bergson, 1907) began. At this point concepts proper to art were applied to the sciences and to nature Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249. There was, however, a long waiting time to the scientific study of creativity. The thinking of some modern time scholars will be expounded in the subsequent chapter.The beginning of scientific study of creativity is generally taken to be J. P. Guil fords address to the American Psychological Association in 1950. more scholars joined in the effort to explore creativity in the years to come. They took a more pragmatic approach to this esoteric subject. As creativity became established as a discipline, scholars realized that creativity depends on being practiced. Creativity reveals itself in accomplishments and deeds, rather than in words. While a sound theoretical approach still was important, more and more emphasis was put on developing practical creativity techniques. all important(predicate) personalities illustrating this approach include Alex Osborn, who in the 1950s invented brainstorming. In the same decade, Genrikh Altov, later calling himself Altshuller, came up with his conjecture of Inventive Problem Solving, better known as TRIZ. In the 1960, Edward de Bono became famous after having developed his influential theory of Lateral thinking. These and other theories and techniques are expounded in more detail in subseq uent chapters.